Spinal Immobilisation

Spinal Immobilization: A Literature Review A survey of the writing in regards to spinal immobilization has been embraced utilizing databases for PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, OVID and Cochrane EBM. Surveys were electronically looked through utilizing the subject headings â€Å"spinal injuries†, â€Å"spinal immobilisation† and â€Å"management of spinal injuries†. The outcomes produced by the inquiry were constrained to English language articles and investigated for pertinence to the theme. The point of this writing survey is to look into the perspectives on spinal immobilization and to accomplish a superior information on proof based practice.According to Chiles and Cooper (1996) spinal injury ought to consistently be suspected in patients with extreme foundational injury, patients with minor injury who report spinal torment or have tactile or engine side effects, and patients with an impeded degree of awareness after injury. As indicated by Caroline (2008) the essen tial objective of spinal immobilization is to forestall further wounds. Great starting and intense administration is pivotal regardless of the level of harm (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). The motivation behind immobilization in presumed spinal injury is to keep up an unbiased position and stay away from uprooting and auxiliary neurological injury (Vickery, 2001).Means of immobilization remember holding the head for the midline, log rolling the individual, the utilization of backboards and uncommon sleeping cushions, cervical collars, sandbags and lashes (Kwan, Bunn and Roberts 2009). The Advanced Life Support Group underpins the utilization of the long spinal board (backboard) for spinal immobilization, regardless of information on pressure issues and poor immobilization in some patient gatherings. The spinal board was initially evolved as a removal gadget utilizing its smooth surface to permit an individual to be slid out of a vehicle.However, it is hard to expel the patient from the board in the field and in this way the patient is most normally shipped to the An and E office on the spinal board (Cooke, 1998). There is extensive variety in the best procedure for pre-emergency clinic cervical spine immobilization (Vickery, 2001). Some have exhorted the utilization 1 to 1. 5 creeps of cushioning under the head as standard, others have educated that judgment on the utilization regarding cushioning be founded on visual investigation (Butman, McSwain and McConnell, 1986). On the other hand, a few rauma messages suggest setting the patient straightforwardly against the spinal board (McSwain, 1989). In the United Kingdom, the vacuum sleeping pad is predominately utilized by mountain salvage groups as it is accepted to give better by and large security of a harmed loss and is seen to be more secure and simpler to ship over the landscape experienced in these circumstances (Herzenberg, Hensinger and Dederick, 1989). In an ongoing report by Luscombe and Williams (2002), it was demonstrated that the vacuum sleeping cushion forestalls essentially greater development in the longitudinal and horizontal planes when exposed to a slow tilt.Perceived comfort levels are altogether better with the vacuum bedding that with the backboard. Chan, Goldburg and Mason (1996) surveyed the utilization of the long spinal board and its relationship with pressure injury, inadmissible immobilization and situating, and the torment that it can cause (Chan, Goldburg and Tascone, 1994). An investigation by Lovell and Evans (1994) demonstrated that while a setback dwells on a backboard it might potentially prompt weight wounds in the individuals who have continued injury to the spinal rope. The measure of time setbacks stay on backboards can fuel the issues of torment and pressure.Ambulance excursions and holds up in mishap and crisis might be protracted and there might be significant distances associated with getting to emergency clinic (Lerner and Moscati, 2000). Notwithsta nding pressure injury and poor immobilization, the backboard might be the reason for torment even in any case sound patients, prompting pointless examinations, radiographs and potential vagueness with respect to the reason for torment (Chan, Goldburgh and Mason, 1996). The proof proposes that the backboard itself isn't perfect and a long way from a gold standard.This has prompted the recommendation that the backboard ought not be the favored surface for the exchange of patients with spinal wounds (Main and Lovell, 1996). As per Vickery (2001) be that as it may, the spinal board is viewed as the highest quality level for spinal immobilization during the pre-clinic period of injury the executives. For certain patients, powerful spinal immobilization is valuable and can likewise be essential in forestalling the staggering impacts of rope harm anyway it has been proposed that for some the extreme utilization of this deterrent measure may not be reasonable or necessary.It has been assess ed that over half of injury patients with no grievance of neck or back agony were moved with full spinal immobilization (McHugh and Taylor 1998). Improper spinal immobilization may prompt patients encountering superfluous torment, skin ulceration, desire and respiratory trade off, which thus may prompt further pointless techniques, a more drawn out clinic stay which at that point brings about expanding expenses to the National Health Service (Kwan, Bunn and Roberts, 2001).Shooman and Rushambuza (2009) report that immobilization is a pivotal piece of the administration of an injury understanding. They accept that if the instrument of injury is questionable, the patient ought to remain immobilized until further imaging regardless of whether there are no side effects of spinal insecurity after log rolling. Be that as it may, in an ongoing report by Pandie, Shepherd and Lamont (2010) they presumed that all alone, standard immobilization strategies seem, by all accounts, to be deficient to keep up the cervical spine in the unbiased position.One contention for keeping the patient on a spinal board is that it encourages a pressing turn should heaving happen (Vickery 2001). Spinal immobilization is utilized all through the world anyway the clinical advantages of pre-emergency clinic spinal immobilization have been put under investigation. It has been contended that spinal string harm is done at the hour of effect and that ensuing development is commonly not adequate to bring on additional harm (Hauswald, Ong, Tandberg and Omar 1998).In complexity, in-line adjustment of the neck, likewise named ‘neutral alignment’, is normally upgraded by utilizing immobilization squares and ties that fix the patient’s head and neck to a spinal board. In-line head and neck immobilization is significant during the exchange time frame to emergency clinic and stays a significant piece of the consideration of the patient (Sheerin, 2005). Head servant and Bates (2001), c an't help contradicting this and propose that cervical collars are of no extra advantage to patients previously immobilized utilizing a long spine board with straps.In an ongoing report it was discovered that numerous patients brought to An and E naturally had a cervical neckline applied ‘as a precaution’. This normally implies the casualty has been associated with a mishap that could conceivable reason a cervical physical issue, in spite of the fact that the patient gives no indications or side effects of such a physical issue (Sexton, 1999). Immobilization in presumed spinal injury must be started at the area of a mishap and proceeded until precarious spinal wounds are governed out.Adequacy of spinal immobilization must be investigated during the essential overview in the An and E office (Vickery, 2001). When the patient has arrived at An and E, the spinal board ought to be expelled as quickly as time permits once the patient is horizontally moved from the rescue vehi cle streetcar onto An and E or revival streetcar (Vickery, 2001). The early expulsion of spinal sheets and cervical collars is pushed by spinal units (Sexton, 1999). Complexities related with delayed utilization of the spinal board incorporate weight ulcer improvement, torment and distress (Vickery, 2001).Vickery (2001) likewise proposes an incomplete arrangement would be suggested that the backboard ought to be expelled as quickly as time permits after appearance in the An and E division, in a perfect world after the essential overview and revival stages. Hickey (2003) concurs with this, it is indispensable that following starting evaluation, the patient is expelled from the spinal board. Doorman and Allison (2003) bolster this by proposing that the patient ought to be then moved and breast fed on a crisis streetcar with head immobilization and lashes applied.This thus ought to limit the danger of weight ulcer development which is predominant in patients with spinal rope injury (Sh eerin and Gillick, 2004). Vickery (2001) additionally recommends that where a spinal physical issue is suspected, brief and safe evacuation of the spinal board is required, these are patients that are at the most serious danger of creating pressure bruises. Vickery (2001) keeps on saying that spinal board immobilization on the board might be lacking completion with lamentable consequences.Observational concentrates in the US have indicated that immobilization by unbending collars may cause aviation route troubles, expanded intracranial weight (Davies, Deakin and Wilson, 1996), expanded danger of yearning (Butman, 1996), and skin ulceration (Hewitt, 1994). Caroline (2008) additionally recommends that total spinal immobilization is difficult, particularly over weight focuses and can likewise be a reason for aviation route choking which thusly makes an expanded danger of goal. It has been accounted for that numerous injury patients don't experience the ill effects of spinal insecurity and won't advantage from spinal immobilization (Orledge, 1998).The estimation of routine pre-emergency clinic spinal immobilisations are sketchy because of any advantages of immobilization being exceeded by the dangers (Kwan, Bunn and Roberts, 2009). Kwan, Bunn and Roberts (2009) have just demonstrated that wrong immobilization is adding to the expanding financial plan of the NHS. Dimond (2001) concurs and asserts that case claims are expanding against the NHS. Society is getting less open minded toward botches or insufficient assistance and case claims are presently turning into an acknowledged piece of day by day life (Vukmir, 2004).In complexity, an examination in the USA has demonstrated that

Psychology and Child Essay

3.1 †Explain how professionals advance children’s learning inside the important early year’s structure. All specialists need to advance children’s learning inside the direction given by the EYFS system by offering a parity of kid drove and grown-up drove based exercises. Every specialist must watch the kids and plan exercises which meet the individual needs and interests. They should likewise follow the interests of the youngster; asking them what they might want to do and how they may do it and so on. We should likewise guarantee that we are giving chances to youngsters to lead the movement themselves, and supporting them to do this. 4.2 †Explain the significance of drawing in with a kid to help continued shared reasoning It is essential to permit shared considering at least two people where they are cooperating on choosing how they will accomplish something. They will discuss how they will do it, and what could occur. Kids will require support so they feel sure they can accomplish something and they will likewise require consolation to really partake. The more open doors they get the opportunity to do this the more certain they will feel about doing it all alone. In the event that you utilize a point the youngster is truly intrigued by they are bound to partake and turn out to be progressively certain. Assessment It is significant that you advance the learning and improvement of a kid at this age as it will permit them to turn out to be progressively certain about themselves and their thoughts. It is significant for a specialist to think about what they have done as it will permit them to perceive what turned out badly or well and what they can improve next time. This is successful as it permits us to think on what we have done. For instance on the off chance that we have done an action with a kid just because a short time later we could reflect and perceive how it went and what we could do next time to ensure it is better.

Cars corrosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vehicles consumption - Essay Example ( Shaw Barbara and Kelly Robert, 2006) Despite the fact that erosion was as yet predominant in the 1950’s the principle rules for a vehicle producer was the quality and toughness of the body. Cold moving of low carbon sheets was the acknowledged work on during those occasions. Later on, when the shape and highlights of the vehicle experienced changes prepares that were increasingly malleable and could be drawn effectively was consolidated into the plan. At present different propelled strategies for steel creation with the utilization of elective materials are being followed which are both less expensive and furthermore have a lower weight to volume proportion. ( Hamilton Bruce and Macauley, 1998) This strategy for utilizing salt to dissolve the ice on streets was presented following World War II which prompted an expansion of consumption, influencing the useful and basic respectability of the vehicle. The outward presentation of the vehicle was likewise influenced. A portion of the regular entanglements of erosion due the nearness of salts were development of openings on body boards, consumption of brake linings, mileage of the edge and guard supports, staining and pitting consequences for surfaces of vehicles. Substitute materials were intended to deal with this sort of erosion; anyway this prompted another type of consumption called galvanic consumption which happens when two unique metals are in contact. In the late 1970’s it was seen that consumption was occurring to a huge degree on the floor boards, exhaust frameworks, fuel and slowing mechanisms which were less obvious from outside. Residue control synthetic compounds like calcium chloride and toxins like nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide joined with downpour to frame corrosive downpours. This forestalled the arrangement of the normal defensive layer development on vehicle surfaces. (Impacts of street salt on Motor Vehicles and foundation, n.d) The erosion because of these serious ecological impacts was seen to be most extreme during the mid-1970. Client disappointment constrained driving car producers to

Bad Common App Essay Sample - Why You Should Use Them

Bad Common App Essay Sample - Why You Should Use ThemThere are many reasons why you would want to give a bad app essay sample to a person who is writing an essay for an exam. Many colleges, universities and also some high schools will provide test writing materials to help students practice their essay writing skills. These materials can include essays, which are completely different from one another. Even though these essays are very different, they will still be applicable for an exam.In the event that you would like to give a bad common app essay sample to someone who is writing an essay for an exam, you should first understand what is involved in giving a sample to someone else. A good example of this would be for someone who is taking a test for an exam. If you gave a student a sample of the words to use when writing an essay, it would become much easier for them to figure out what words to use.With a sample of the words to use in your own essay, it is possible for the student t o revise their own essay to create an original essay. It is also important to remember that using bad common app essay samples does not mean that they have to necessarily be written in bad English. Students who have already graduated and have already gone through the rigorous requirements of writing college level tests should probably only use a sample of good English to get through their college exams.There are plenty of college students who do not know how to write essays in English and therefore, will always fall back on writing in their native language. If you are one of those students, you might as well write in your native language. However, if you are considering writing a bad common app essay sample for a student to take for an exam, you should know that many professors and even fellow students will still not have a problem with using the word 'in' in English. This is a common practice and is often not a problem for English students.However, it is important to note that usin g a bad common app essay sample to help a student prepare for an exam does not mean that the students will get credit for it. In fact, it can actually hurt their grade, especially if the student has already gotten their degree. The fact is that any student will lose credit for an essay if it is from a bad sample.However, as long as you are giving a bad common app essay sample to a student, it is necessary to get their permission first. You can ask them if they would like to read the article and get an idea of how the example would work for them. Additionally, you can ask them if they would like to use the examples in the future. This can help you get them to understand that the essay is for a certain purpose and does not mean that you would like to rewrite it.Finally, you should realize that there is no shame in using a bad sample. For instance, there are many college students who use bad common app essay samples to prepare for exams. They know that their professors will not like th eir essay and may even see the sample and not feel comfortable with it. This is why they usually decide to use bad common app essay samples for the purpose of getting prepared for their college exams.

Art Is An Expression Of Human Emotions And Creativity Essay

In today’s time, it seems like everyone is an artist with their camera phones and social media outlooks. But what is art? It is an expression of human emotions and creativity. This can be through varied forms such as writings, sculptures, and paintings. Although, not everything is considered art. There is a defining line between what is art and what is not. For it to be art, it must go through three steps. They are: thought process of the artist’s process of construction, self-evaluation, and critical reception. Which are all art forms within themselves. Art is not merely the end result of hard work, it’s also in the journey. The thought process is a major step in art which is often overlooked. The thought process is not simply stating that you are going to draw an apple, then proceed to draw it; it’s a feeling or emotion you have beforehand. The artist has to think through the emotion and cannot be spur of the moment. The artist has their own process in their mind how they will execute the piece of art from start to finish. An example of what would not be considered art, because it goes against this process, would be â€Å"scribbles† by a 22-month old child. The reason being, a child of that age does not have the capacity to think through their emotions. They see a piece of paper, or sometimes a wall, and scrawl away. Many musical artists, think through their emotions before writing a song or album that reflects that feeling. They want it to feel real and genuine when it comesShow MoreRelatedAisha Osman. Matthew Brogden. Engl 3001W: Textual Analysis1535 Words   |  7 PagesEliot makes an argument against artists expressing their own emotions and their own personal experiences to a work of art. Eliot goes into detail in how personal experiences in a work of art would essentially be pushing your own emotions on to the reader whether they want them or not. 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Human studies such as cultural studies or history only highlight small specific areas of humanity while art history combines the two and gives a comprehensive look into all factorsRead MoreFrancis Poulencs Short Piano Pieces952 Words   |  4 PagesPoulencs music was considered avant garde, even in a time when art and expression focused on finding something new and different. Poulenc was a key member of the group Les Six, a French Group that wished to move music away from impr essionism, formality, and the intellectual tendencies that had dictated creativity in the previous century (Rovi Corp, 2012). They wished to create conceptual music that was based on the expression of pure human emotion. Undoubtedly, Poulenc was influenced by the principles and

The Obesity Of Child Obesity Essay - 1799 Words

The numerousness of child obesity in the US is at an unequaled high with about 33% of all kids and teenagers now viewed as overweight or fat (Ogden et al 2008). Impressive consideration has been centered on schools trying to distinguish approach levers that will switch the weight pestilence. Specifically, the accessibility of aggressive foods, characterized as nourishments and refreshments accessible or being able to buy in schools, outside of the school lunch and breakfast, has been a highly talked about issue. From one perspective, adversaries address the nourishing estimation of focused sustenance and think of them as the essential wellspring of junk in schools The candy machine organizations are not excited about conceivable limitations, contending that the candy machines are now loaded with healthy items and that those choices ought not be banned. we are somewhat worried that they may make the principles excessively stringent, said James A. McCarthy, president of the Snack Food Association, an exchange bunch in Washington, as reported by the New York Times. Nutritionists discussed that candy machines in schools are loaded with snacks like potato chips, treats and soft drinks, and that all the foods that are healthy for you are truly difficult to find. However, that is on the grounds that the candy machines choices are regularly construct more with respect to what will profit instead of what is sound. Some schools are contending that excessively strictShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity - Child Obesity Crisis2530 Words   |  11 PagesChild Obesity Crisis in America In America, the way society views overweight adults are viewed as inferior and disgusting, but it does not stop there, children who are also overweight experience the same reactions, as those in adulthood. 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Some of the reasons are due to our youth consuming more processed foods and not being physically active. However, we as a society cannot just blame the laziness and not eating the correct types of foods as the cause for obesity. This problem is more complex than people think and we can fix it, but we do need government coopera tion. There are many causes of obesity some of which areRead MoreChild Obesity And Its Factors2041 Words   |  9 Pages Child Obesity and its Factors Lethuy Nguyen University of Texas at Arlington Dr. Myers Fall 2014 Abstract Ever since the 1980’s, the prevalence of obesity in U.S. children has tripled; meaning about 1 in 6 children today are obese. Obesity is defined as a body mass index greater than the 95 percentile for the sex and age. As obesity rates are growing, adults are dying everyday due to the complications of obesity, so it is important to be educated on the risks and factors. 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Strategic and Operations Management for Apple- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic and Operations Management for Apple. Answer: Summary of the Story of Apple Apple Company was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Markkula who did their best to give the company a million dollar vision. Apple used strategic marketing and technological creativity which gave them a competitive edge hence its quick growth(US v. Apple, Inc., 791 F.3d 290, 2d Cir. 2015). In May 2001, Apple announced the brand new opening of its retail stores which had prior closed when it became incompetent in the market. It introduced iPod portable digital audio player, and its own iTunes music store which the analysts did not trust. In 2002, a redesigned iMac was introduced, and it failed to satisfy the company's expectations despite the fact that it received a lot of press. In 2004-2006 it opened 149 new stores in the US, 4 in Canada, 7 in the UK and 7in Japan(Pom Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co., 134 S. Ct. 2228, 573 U.S., 189 L. Ed. 2d 141, 2014). Furthermore, the company introduced Intel-based machines, the iMac and Mac Book Pro(Moustafa, H., et al., 2010). The iPods had dominated the market at that time thereby sales improved. In January 2007 at the Macworld Expo Job broke the news that Apple Computer Inc. would from that day be called Apple Inc. since it no longer emphasized on computers only but also on mobile electronic devices, iPhone and Apple TV. This caused its share price to increase drastically. In 2008-2009 Jobs took a six-month leave for him to be able to concentrate on his health and the company, on the other hand, to render competence to its products. He, therefore, left Phil Schiller in charge and during this period recorded very high profit(Moustafa, H., et al., 2010). Later 2010 iPad was launched, and they were compatible with the iPhone, and this helped it gain a competitive edge once again. In 2010 released iPhone 4 with video calls and antennas. In September 2010, Apple renewed its iPad line of MP3 players, launched multi-touch iPod Nano, iPod Touch with FaceTime and iPod Shuffle with buttons. Steve Jobs Entrepreneurial Characteristics Persuasive and Charismatic Jobs had the ability to recognize, take advantage and utilize opportunities that have not been known by many or other competitors. Some employees also referred to him as an erratic manager(Scantland v. Jeffry Knight, Inc., 721 F.3d 1308, 11th Cir. 2013). His ability to serve as a CEO at both Next and Pixar portrays him as a very charismatic person. It is significant that Jobs was dedicated for the good of the company through his devotion in the hard and good times of Apple Company. Demanding and Aggressive Personality Jobs came back to Apple when it had severely declined and all the new CEOs failed and he strategically introduced new products, rapidly changing technology and stiff competition when the country was in the recession and many other companies were declining. The aggressive personality of Jobs has made the company to always stand out in the market. It is important to identify that Steve Jobs was a risk taker and this is the precise attribute of an entrepreneur, so as to promote the business amidst the risks that were involved as driven by the profits. Creative and Innovative After Jobs had left Apple when he was forced to resign, he went ahead and came up with a new computer company which was not so successful because it was expensive. He then proceeded and bought Pixar, and due to its superb executive staff and Jobs creativity, Disney management wanted to acquire Pixar. The creativity of the CEO has made the company to be the market leader for the electronic market in the world. It is imperative to note that the innovativeness of the company gives the company a competitive advantage over the other market players. Apple's Strategic Strategies and Operational/Competitive Strategies Total Customer Experience Apple was able to involve its customers through its unique systems components which it leveraged in a unique manner to come up with its system that was user-friendly due to the ease in operating the products developed(US v. Apple Inc., 952 F. Supp. 2d 638, S.D.N.Y. 2013). Total customer experience was enabled through the continuous research and development that stirred the management to identify the ever-changing customer needs and expectations. Through the data collected, the management was able to synthesize new products and new ideas that created lasting experiences to the customers as a means to achieve its relationship marketing objective. New Product Development When Jobs came back as the CEO when Apple was falling, he introduced a new product to the market identified as iPod portable digital audio player. In 2010 Apple introduced the fourth generation iPhone with unique features like video calls that were aimed at fully satisfying the needs of their potential customers(Rasmussen v. Apple Inc., 27 F. Supp. 3d 1027, N.D. Cal. 2014). The emergence of new products was aimed at opening new markets for the company and also capturing new customers that were always time averse. Accessibility to Outlets There was the dire need for the company to address the inadequacy of outlets that could necessitate the customer to access the products of the business (N.D. Cal. 2014).In the year 1997, the company was in episodes of hardships where it was unable to keep up with the unfair competition in the market amidst the poor management that was in the company at the time. In 2001, Jobs spearheaded the reopening of the retail outlets for their products with the aim of easing accessibility by the customers so as to report high sales (Porter, M. E., 2008). What Tim Cook should Extrapolate and Why? For the continued growth and survival of Apple Company, Tim Cook should ensure that he expands the markets for the products. Expansion of the markets will be achieved if the company engaged in earning itself a competitive edge says through producing commodities that suited the needs and values of the customers (Ericsson, Inc. v. D-Link Systems, Inc., 773 F.3d 1201, Fed. Cir. 2014). Also, the CEO must ensure that the prices for the products are stable so as to entertain customer loyalty and the retention of the customers(VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc., 925 F. Supp. 2d 816, E.D. Tex. 2013). When this is achieved, the company will be able to report high sales and profits. To add on, the company should keep up with the technological advancements in the market so as to increase its competitiveness and also in ensuring that it operates at very low costs and still makes profits (Oracle America, Inc. v. Google Inc., 750 F.3d 1339, Fed. Cir. 2014). It is evident that for the company to be able to dominate more markets, awareness should be created so that the products are widely known. Technological advancements should always be embraced to keep up with the emerging trends that occur day after day. Apple Company should engage in strategic marketing strategies that will avail information to its customers so that they are always informed about the products in the market. The advertisements should be those that can achieve the intentions or the objectives of the company. The most precise mode of advertisements would be the internet. Precise marketing strategies will to a greater extend enable the company to promise its customers total customer experience (Rasmussen v. Apple Inc., 27 F. Supp. 3d 1027 , N.D. Cal. 2014). For the extrapolation , Tim Cook should engage these strategies to continue to make it the super power in the manufacture of durable , high quality , and well priced electronics. John Tarpeys Concerns The management of a company is paramount to its survival in the long run. The concern of Tarpey about how long Apple was going to rely on Jobs opinions as its leader was very crucial in the decision-making process(GREENLIGHT CAPITAL, LP v. APPLE, INC., No. 13 Civ. 900 (RJS)., S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2013). Since Job spearheaded every strategic move concerning the company's growth; his absence could have affected how the great company was being managed by Jobs before and during his sickness. The doubt that Tarpey had was valid in that the effective management of the company was in a delicate position for most of the stakeholders gauged the future performance of the company regarding the competence levels of the management. The competition was stiff then, and the other market players were keen to adopt the innovative works of Apple Company that were the market leader (Opperman v. Path, Inc., 87 F. Supp. 3d 1018, N.D. Cal. 2014). Tarpeys concern was how capable the market players were aggressive to surpass the unique product development methods of Apple and their ability to override the power that Apples Company had bestowed in the electronics Market. Competition was stiff and there was need to have a leader who could help the company remain innovative throughout its ongoing concern For a shareholder to buy the shares of a company, the company in question should be attractive as determined by factors such as efficient management of the company operations (Moustafa, H., et al., 2010). Tarpeys doubt and indecisiveness lied on whether to advise the shareholders to sell their shares at that particular moment when the company had a stable management and a good performance. The primary concern was the future of Apple's management in the absence of Jobs. Bibliography Ericsson, Inc. v. D-Link Systems, Inc., 773 F.3d 1201. ( Fed. Cir. 2014). Greenlight Capital, LP v. APPLE, INC., No. 13 Civ. 900 (RJS). ( S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2013). Moustafa, H., et al. (2010). Apple Inc. : performance in a Zero Sum World Economy. Information Technology (31), 1-21. Opperman v. Path, Inc., 87 F. Supp. 3d 1018. ( N.D. Cal. 2014). Oracle America, Inc. v. Google Inc., 750 F.3d 1339. ( Fed. Cir. 2014). Pom Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co., 134 S. Ct. 2228, 573 U.S., 189 L. Ed. 2d 141. (2014). Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business review,86 (1), 25-40. Rasmussen v. Apple Inc., 27 F. Supp. 3d 1027 . (N.D. Cal. 2014). Scantland v. Jeffry Knight, Inc., 721 F.3d 1308. ( 11th Cor. 2013). US v. Apple Inc., 952 F. Supp. 2d 638. (S.D.N.Y. 2013). US v. Apple, Inc., 791 F.3d 290 . (2d Cir. 2015). VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc., 925 F. Supp. 2d 816 . (E.D. Tex. 2013).