Spinal Immobilisation

Spinal Immobilization: A Literature Review A survey of the writing in regards to spinal immobilization has been embraced utilizing databases for PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, OVID and Cochrane EBM. Surveys were electronically looked through utilizing the subject headings â€Å"spinal injuries†, â€Å"spinal immobilisation† and â€Å"management of spinal injuries†. The outcomes produced by the inquiry were constrained to English language articles and investigated for pertinence to the theme. The point of this writing survey is to look into the perspectives on spinal immobilization and to accomplish a superior information on proof based practice.According to Chiles and Cooper (1996) spinal injury ought to consistently be suspected in patients with extreme foundational injury, patients with minor injury who report spinal torment or have tactile or engine side effects, and patients with an impeded degree of awareness after injury. As indicated by Caroline (2008) the essen tial objective of spinal immobilization is to forestall further wounds. Great starting and intense administration is pivotal regardless of the level of harm (Sheerin and Gillick, 2004). The motivation behind immobilization in presumed spinal injury is to keep up an unbiased position and stay away from uprooting and auxiliary neurological injury (Vickery, 2001).Means of immobilization remember holding the head for the midline, log rolling the individual, the utilization of backboards and uncommon sleeping cushions, cervical collars, sandbags and lashes (Kwan, Bunn and Roberts 2009). The Advanced Life Support Group underpins the utilization of the long spinal board (backboard) for spinal immobilization, regardless of information on pressure issues and poor immobilization in some patient gatherings. The spinal board was initially evolved as a removal gadget utilizing its smooth surface to permit an individual to be slid out of a vehicle.However, it is hard to expel the patient from the board in the field and in this way the patient is most normally shipped to the An and E office on the spinal board (Cooke, 1998). There is extensive variety in the best procedure for pre-emergency clinic cervical spine immobilization (Vickery, 2001). Some have exhorted the utilization 1 to 1. 5 creeps of cushioning under the head as standard, others have educated that judgment on the utilization regarding cushioning be founded on visual investigation (Butman, McSwain and McConnell, 1986). On the other hand, a few rauma messages suggest setting the patient straightforwardly against the spinal board (McSwain, 1989). In the United Kingdom, the vacuum sleeping pad is predominately utilized by mountain salvage groups as it is accepted to give better by and large security of a harmed loss and is seen to be more secure and simpler to ship over the landscape experienced in these circumstances (Herzenberg, Hensinger and Dederick, 1989). In an ongoing report by Luscombe and Williams (2002), it was demonstrated that the vacuum sleeping cushion forestalls essentially greater development in the longitudinal and horizontal planes when exposed to a slow tilt.Perceived comfort levels are altogether better with the vacuum bedding that with the backboard. Chan, Goldburg and Mason (1996) surveyed the utilization of the long spinal board and its relationship with pressure injury, inadmissible immobilization and situating, and the torment that it can cause (Chan, Goldburg and Tascone, 1994). An investigation by Lovell and Evans (1994) demonstrated that while a setback dwells on a backboard it might potentially prompt weight wounds in the individuals who have continued injury to the spinal rope. The measure of time setbacks stay on backboards can fuel the issues of torment and pressure.Ambulance excursions and holds up in mishap and crisis might be protracted and there might be significant distances associated with getting to emergency clinic (Lerner and Moscati, 2000). Notwithsta nding pressure injury and poor immobilization, the backboard might be the reason for torment even in any case sound patients, prompting pointless examinations, radiographs and potential vagueness with respect to the reason for torment (Chan, Goldburgh and Mason, 1996). The proof proposes that the backboard itself isn't perfect and a long way from a gold standard.This has prompted the recommendation that the backboard ought not be the favored surface for the exchange of patients with spinal wounds (Main and Lovell, 1996). As per Vickery (2001) be that as it may, the spinal board is viewed as the highest quality level for spinal immobilization during the pre-clinic period of injury the executives. For certain patients, powerful spinal immobilization is valuable and can likewise be essential in forestalling the staggering impacts of rope harm anyway it has been proposed that for some the extreme utilization of this deterrent measure may not be reasonable or necessary.It has been assess ed that over half of injury patients with no grievance of neck or back agony were moved with full spinal immobilization (McHugh and Taylor 1998). Improper spinal immobilization may prompt patients encountering superfluous torment, skin ulceration, desire and respiratory trade off, which thus may prompt further pointless techniques, a more drawn out clinic stay which at that point brings about expanding expenses to the National Health Service (Kwan, Bunn and Roberts, 2001).Shooman and Rushambuza (2009) report that immobilization is a pivotal piece of the administration of an injury understanding. They accept that if the instrument of injury is questionable, the patient ought to remain immobilized until further imaging regardless of whether there are no side effects of spinal insecurity after log rolling. Be that as it may, in an ongoing report by Pandie, Shepherd and Lamont (2010) they presumed that all alone, standard immobilization strategies seem, by all accounts, to be deficient to keep up the cervical spine in the unbiased position.One contention for keeping the patient on a spinal board is that it encourages a pressing turn should heaving happen (Vickery 2001). Spinal immobilization is utilized all through the world anyway the clinical advantages of pre-emergency clinic spinal immobilization have been put under investigation. It has been contended that spinal string harm is done at the hour of effect and that ensuing development is commonly not adequate to bring on additional harm (Hauswald, Ong, Tandberg and Omar 1998).In complexity, in-line adjustment of the neck, likewise named ‘neutral alignment’, is normally upgraded by utilizing immobilization squares and ties that fix the patient’s head and neck to a spinal board. In-line head and neck immobilization is significant during the exchange time frame to emergency clinic and stays a significant piece of the consideration of the patient (Sheerin, 2005). Head servant and Bates (2001), c an't help contradicting this and propose that cervical collars are of no extra advantage to patients previously immobilized utilizing a long spine board with straps.In an ongoing report it was discovered that numerous patients brought to An and E naturally had a cervical neckline applied ‘as a precaution’. This normally implies the casualty has been associated with a mishap that could conceivable reason a cervical physical issue, in spite of the fact that the patient gives no indications or side effects of such a physical issue (Sexton, 1999). Immobilization in presumed spinal injury must be started at the area of a mishap and proceeded until precarious spinal wounds are governed out.Adequacy of spinal immobilization must be investigated during the essential overview in the An and E office (Vickery, 2001). When the patient has arrived at An and E, the spinal board ought to be expelled as quickly as time permits once the patient is horizontally moved from the rescue vehi cle streetcar onto An and E or revival streetcar (Vickery, 2001). The early expulsion of spinal sheets and cervical collars is pushed by spinal units (Sexton, 1999). Complexities related with delayed utilization of the spinal board incorporate weight ulcer improvement, torment and distress (Vickery, 2001).Vickery (2001) likewise proposes an incomplete arrangement would be suggested that the backboard ought to be expelled as quickly as time permits after appearance in the An and E division, in a perfect world after the essential overview and revival stages. Hickey (2003) concurs with this, it is indispensable that following starting evaluation, the patient is expelled from the spinal board. Doorman and Allison (2003) bolster this by proposing that the patient ought to be then moved and breast fed on a crisis streetcar with head immobilization and lashes applied.This thus ought to limit the danger of weight ulcer development which is predominant in patients with spinal rope injury (Sh eerin and Gillick, 2004). Vickery (2001) additionally recommends that where a spinal physical issue is suspected, brief and safe evacuation of the spinal board is required, these are patients that are at the most serious danger of creating pressure bruises. Vickery (2001) keeps on saying that spinal board immobilization on the board might be lacking completion with lamentable consequences.Observational concentrates in the US have indicated that immobilization by unbending collars may cause aviation route troubles, expanded intracranial weight (Davies, Deakin and Wilson, 1996), expanded danger of yearning (Butman, 1996), and skin ulceration (Hewitt, 1994). Caroline (2008) additionally recommends that total spinal immobilization is difficult, particularly over weight focuses and can likewise be a reason for aviation route choking which thusly makes an expanded danger of goal. It has been accounted for that numerous injury patients don't experience the ill effects of spinal insecurity and won't advantage from spinal immobilization (Orledge, 1998).The estimation of routine pre-emergency clinic spinal immobilisations are sketchy because of any advantages of immobilization being exceeded by the dangers (Kwan, Bunn and Roberts, 2009). Kwan, Bunn and Roberts (2009) have just demonstrated that wrong immobilization is adding to the expanding financial plan of the NHS. Dimond (2001) concurs and asserts that case claims are expanding against the NHS. Society is getting less open minded toward botches or insufficient assistance and case claims are presently turning into an acknowledged piece of day by day life (Vukmir, 2004).In complexity, an examination in the USA has demonstrated that

Psychology and Child Essay

3.1 †Explain how professionals advance children’s learning inside the important early year’s structure. All specialists need to advance children’s learning inside the direction given by the EYFS system by offering a parity of kid drove and grown-up drove based exercises. Every specialist must watch the kids and plan exercises which meet the individual needs and interests. They should likewise follow the interests of the youngster; asking them what they might want to do and how they may do it and so on. We should likewise guarantee that we are giving chances to youngsters to lead the movement themselves, and supporting them to do this. 4.2 †Explain the significance of drawing in with a kid to help continued shared reasoning It is essential to permit shared considering at least two people where they are cooperating on choosing how they will accomplish something. They will discuss how they will do it, and what could occur. Kids will require support so they feel sure they can accomplish something and they will likewise require consolation to really partake. The more open doors they get the opportunity to do this the more certain they will feel about doing it all alone. In the event that you utilize a point the youngster is truly intrigued by they are bound to partake and turn out to be progressively certain. Assessment It is significant that you advance the learning and improvement of a kid at this age as it will permit them to turn out to be progressively certain about themselves and their thoughts. It is significant for a specialist to think about what they have done as it will permit them to perceive what turned out badly or well and what they can improve next time. This is successful as it permits us to think on what we have done. For instance on the off chance that we have done an action with a kid just because a short time later we could reflect and perceive how it went and what we could do next time to ensure it is better.

Cars corrosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vehicles consumption - Essay Example ( Shaw Barbara and Kelly Robert, 2006) Despite the fact that erosion was as yet predominant in the 1950’s the principle rules for a vehicle producer was the quality and toughness of the body. Cold moving of low carbon sheets was the acknowledged work on during those occasions. Later on, when the shape and highlights of the vehicle experienced changes prepares that were increasingly malleable and could be drawn effectively was consolidated into the plan. At present different propelled strategies for steel creation with the utilization of elective materials are being followed which are both less expensive and furthermore have a lower weight to volume proportion. ( Hamilton Bruce and Macauley, 1998) This strategy for utilizing salt to dissolve the ice on streets was presented following World War II which prompted an expansion of consumption, influencing the useful and basic respectability of the vehicle. The outward presentation of the vehicle was likewise influenced. A portion of the regular entanglements of erosion due the nearness of salts were development of openings on body boards, consumption of brake linings, mileage of the edge and guard supports, staining and pitting consequences for surfaces of vehicles. Substitute materials were intended to deal with this sort of erosion; anyway this prompted another type of consumption called galvanic consumption which happens when two unique metals are in contact. In the late 1970’s it was seen that consumption was occurring to a huge degree on the floor boards, exhaust frameworks, fuel and slowing mechanisms which were less obvious from outside. Residue control synthetic compounds like calcium chloride and toxins like nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide joined with downpour to frame corrosive downpours. This forestalled the arrangement of the normal defensive layer development on vehicle surfaces. (Impacts of street salt on Motor Vehicles and foundation, n.d) The erosion because of these serious ecological impacts was seen to be most extreme during the mid-1970. Client disappointment constrained driving car producers to

Bad Common App Essay Sample - Why You Should Use Them

Bad Common App Essay Sample - Why You Should Use ThemThere are many reasons why you would want to give a bad app essay sample to a person who is writing an essay for an exam. Many colleges, universities and also some high schools will provide test writing materials to help students practice their essay writing skills. These materials can include essays, which are completely different from one another. Even though these essays are very different, they will still be applicable for an exam.In the event that you would like to give a bad common app essay sample to someone who is writing an essay for an exam, you should first understand what is involved in giving a sample to someone else. A good example of this would be for someone who is taking a test for an exam. If you gave a student a sample of the words to use when writing an essay, it would become much easier for them to figure out what words to use.With a sample of the words to use in your own essay, it is possible for the student t o revise their own essay to create an original essay. It is also important to remember that using bad common app essay samples does not mean that they have to necessarily be written in bad English. Students who have already graduated and have already gone through the rigorous requirements of writing college level tests should probably only use a sample of good English to get through their college exams.There are plenty of college students who do not know how to write essays in English and therefore, will always fall back on writing in their native language. If you are one of those students, you might as well write in your native language. However, if you are considering writing a bad common app essay sample for a student to take for an exam, you should know that many professors and even fellow students will still not have a problem with using the word 'in' in English. This is a common practice and is often not a problem for English students.However, it is important to note that usin g a bad common app essay sample to help a student prepare for an exam does not mean that the students will get credit for it. In fact, it can actually hurt their grade, especially if the student has already gotten their degree. The fact is that any student will lose credit for an essay if it is from a bad sample.However, as long as you are giving a bad common app essay sample to a student, it is necessary to get their permission first. You can ask them if they would like to read the article and get an idea of how the example would work for them. Additionally, you can ask them if they would like to use the examples in the future. This can help you get them to understand that the essay is for a certain purpose and does not mean that you would like to rewrite it.Finally, you should realize that there is no shame in using a bad sample. For instance, there are many college students who use bad common app essay samples to prepare for exams. They know that their professors will not like th eir essay and may even see the sample and not feel comfortable with it. This is why they usually decide to use bad common app essay samples for the purpose of getting prepared for their college exams.

Art Is An Expression Of Human Emotions And Creativity Essay

In today’s time, it seems like everyone is an artist with their camera phones and social media outlooks. But what is art? It is an expression of human emotions and creativity. This can be through varied forms such as writings, sculptures, and paintings. Although, not everything is considered art. There is a defining line between what is art and what is not. For it to be art, it must go through three steps. They are: thought process of the artist’s process of construction, self-evaluation, and critical reception. Which are all art forms within themselves. Art is not merely the end result of hard work, it’s also in the journey. The thought process is a major step in art which is often overlooked. The thought process is not simply stating that you are going to draw an apple, then proceed to draw it; it’s a feeling or emotion you have beforehand. The artist has to think through the emotion and cannot be spur of the moment. The artist has their own process in their mind how they will execute the piece of art from start to finish. An example of what would not be considered art, because it goes against this process, would be â€Å"scribbles† by a 22-month old child. The reason being, a child of that age does not have the capacity to think through their emotions. They see a piece of paper, or sometimes a wall, and scrawl away. Many musical artists, think through their emotions before writing a song or album that reflects that feeling. They want it to feel real and genuine when it comesShow MoreRelatedAisha Osman. Matthew Brogden. Engl 3001W: Textual Analysis1535 Words   |  7 PagesEliot makes an argument against artists expressing their own emotions and their own personal experiences to a work of art. Eliot goes into detail in how personal experiences in a work of art would essentially be pushing your own emotions on to the reader whether they want them or not. 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Human studies such as cultural studies or history only highlight small specific areas of humanity while art history combines the two and gives a comprehensive look into all factorsRead MoreFrancis Poulencs Short Piano Pieces952 Words   |  4 PagesPoulencs music was considered avant garde, even in a time when art and expression focused on finding something new and different. Poulenc was a key member of the group Les Six, a French Group that wished to move music away from impr essionism, formality, and the intellectual tendencies that had dictated creativity in the previous century (Rovi Corp, 2012). They wished to create conceptual music that was based on the expression of pure human emotion. Undoubtedly, Poulenc was influenced by the principles and

The Obesity Of Child Obesity Essay - 1799 Words

The numerousness of child obesity in the US is at an unequaled high with about 33% of all kids and teenagers now viewed as overweight or fat (Ogden et al 2008). Impressive consideration has been centered on schools trying to distinguish approach levers that will switch the weight pestilence. Specifically, the accessibility of aggressive foods, characterized as nourishments and refreshments accessible or being able to buy in schools, outside of the school lunch and breakfast, has been a highly talked about issue. From one perspective, adversaries address the nourishing estimation of focused sustenance and think of them as the essential wellspring of junk in schools The candy machine organizations are not excited about conceivable limitations, contending that the candy machines are now loaded with healthy items and that those choices ought not be banned. we are somewhat worried that they may make the principles excessively stringent, said James A. McCarthy, president of the Snack Food Association, an exchange bunch in Washington, as reported by the New York Times. Nutritionists discussed that candy machines in schools are loaded with snacks like potato chips, treats and soft drinks, and that all the foods that are healthy for you are truly difficult to find. However, that is on the grounds that the candy machines choices are regularly construct more with respect to what will profit instead of what is sound. Some schools are contending that excessively strictShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity - Child Obesity Crisis2530 Words   |  11 PagesChild Obesity Crisis in America In America, the way society views overweight adults are viewed as inferior and disgusting, but it does not stop there, children who are also overweight experience the same reactions, as those in adulthood. 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Some of the reasons are due to our youth consuming more processed foods and not being physically active. However, we as a society cannot just blame the laziness and not eating the correct types of foods as the cause for obesity. This problem is more complex than people think and we can fix it, but we do need government coopera tion. There are many causes of obesity some of which areRead MoreChild Obesity And Its Factors2041 Words   |  9 Pages Child Obesity and its Factors Lethuy Nguyen University of Texas at Arlington Dr. Myers Fall 2014 Abstract Ever since the 1980’s, the prevalence of obesity in U.S. children has tripled; meaning about 1 in 6 children today are obese. Obesity is defined as a body mass index greater than the 95 percentile for the sex and age. As obesity rates are growing, adults are dying everyday due to the complications of obesity, so it is important to be educated on the risks and factors. 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Strategic and Operations Management for Apple- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategic and Operations Management for Apple. Answer: Summary of the Story of Apple Apple Company was founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Markkula who did their best to give the company a million dollar vision. Apple used strategic marketing and technological creativity which gave them a competitive edge hence its quick growth(US v. Apple, Inc., 791 F.3d 290, 2d Cir. 2015). In May 2001, Apple announced the brand new opening of its retail stores which had prior closed when it became incompetent in the market. It introduced iPod portable digital audio player, and its own iTunes music store which the analysts did not trust. In 2002, a redesigned iMac was introduced, and it failed to satisfy the company's expectations despite the fact that it received a lot of press. In 2004-2006 it opened 149 new stores in the US, 4 in Canada, 7 in the UK and 7in Japan(Pom Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co., 134 S. Ct. 2228, 573 U.S., 189 L. Ed. 2d 141, 2014). Furthermore, the company introduced Intel-based machines, the iMac and Mac Book Pro(Moustafa, H., et al., 2010). The iPods had dominated the market at that time thereby sales improved. In January 2007 at the Macworld Expo Job broke the news that Apple Computer Inc. would from that day be called Apple Inc. since it no longer emphasized on computers only but also on mobile electronic devices, iPhone and Apple TV. This caused its share price to increase drastically. In 2008-2009 Jobs took a six-month leave for him to be able to concentrate on his health and the company, on the other hand, to render competence to its products. He, therefore, left Phil Schiller in charge and during this period recorded very high profit(Moustafa, H., et al., 2010). Later 2010 iPad was launched, and they were compatible with the iPhone, and this helped it gain a competitive edge once again. In 2010 released iPhone 4 with video calls and antennas. In September 2010, Apple renewed its iPad line of MP3 players, launched multi-touch iPod Nano, iPod Touch with FaceTime and iPod Shuffle with buttons. Steve Jobs Entrepreneurial Characteristics Persuasive and Charismatic Jobs had the ability to recognize, take advantage and utilize opportunities that have not been known by many or other competitors. Some employees also referred to him as an erratic manager(Scantland v. Jeffry Knight, Inc., 721 F.3d 1308, 11th Cir. 2013). His ability to serve as a CEO at both Next and Pixar portrays him as a very charismatic person. It is significant that Jobs was dedicated for the good of the company through his devotion in the hard and good times of Apple Company. Demanding and Aggressive Personality Jobs came back to Apple when it had severely declined and all the new CEOs failed and he strategically introduced new products, rapidly changing technology and stiff competition when the country was in the recession and many other companies were declining. The aggressive personality of Jobs has made the company to always stand out in the market. It is important to identify that Steve Jobs was a risk taker and this is the precise attribute of an entrepreneur, so as to promote the business amidst the risks that were involved as driven by the profits. Creative and Innovative After Jobs had left Apple when he was forced to resign, he went ahead and came up with a new computer company which was not so successful because it was expensive. He then proceeded and bought Pixar, and due to its superb executive staff and Jobs creativity, Disney management wanted to acquire Pixar. The creativity of the CEO has made the company to be the market leader for the electronic market in the world. It is imperative to note that the innovativeness of the company gives the company a competitive advantage over the other market players. Apple's Strategic Strategies and Operational/Competitive Strategies Total Customer Experience Apple was able to involve its customers through its unique systems components which it leveraged in a unique manner to come up with its system that was user-friendly due to the ease in operating the products developed(US v. Apple Inc., 952 F. Supp. 2d 638, S.D.N.Y. 2013). Total customer experience was enabled through the continuous research and development that stirred the management to identify the ever-changing customer needs and expectations. Through the data collected, the management was able to synthesize new products and new ideas that created lasting experiences to the customers as a means to achieve its relationship marketing objective. New Product Development When Jobs came back as the CEO when Apple was falling, he introduced a new product to the market identified as iPod portable digital audio player. In 2010 Apple introduced the fourth generation iPhone with unique features like video calls that were aimed at fully satisfying the needs of their potential customers(Rasmussen v. Apple Inc., 27 F. Supp. 3d 1027, N.D. Cal. 2014). The emergence of new products was aimed at opening new markets for the company and also capturing new customers that were always time averse. Accessibility to Outlets There was the dire need for the company to address the inadequacy of outlets that could necessitate the customer to access the products of the business (N.D. Cal. 2014).In the year 1997, the company was in episodes of hardships where it was unable to keep up with the unfair competition in the market amidst the poor management that was in the company at the time. In 2001, Jobs spearheaded the reopening of the retail outlets for their products with the aim of easing accessibility by the customers so as to report high sales (Porter, M. E., 2008). What Tim Cook should Extrapolate and Why? For the continued growth and survival of Apple Company, Tim Cook should ensure that he expands the markets for the products. Expansion of the markets will be achieved if the company engaged in earning itself a competitive edge says through producing commodities that suited the needs and values of the customers (Ericsson, Inc. v. D-Link Systems, Inc., 773 F.3d 1201, Fed. Cir. 2014). Also, the CEO must ensure that the prices for the products are stable so as to entertain customer loyalty and the retention of the customers(VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc., 925 F. Supp. 2d 816, E.D. Tex. 2013). When this is achieved, the company will be able to report high sales and profits. To add on, the company should keep up with the technological advancements in the market so as to increase its competitiveness and also in ensuring that it operates at very low costs and still makes profits (Oracle America, Inc. v. Google Inc., 750 F.3d 1339, Fed. Cir. 2014). It is evident that for the company to be able to dominate more markets, awareness should be created so that the products are widely known. Technological advancements should always be embraced to keep up with the emerging trends that occur day after day. Apple Company should engage in strategic marketing strategies that will avail information to its customers so that they are always informed about the products in the market. The advertisements should be those that can achieve the intentions or the objectives of the company. The most precise mode of advertisements would be the internet. Precise marketing strategies will to a greater extend enable the company to promise its customers total customer experience (Rasmussen v. Apple Inc., 27 F. Supp. 3d 1027 , N.D. Cal. 2014). For the extrapolation , Tim Cook should engage these strategies to continue to make it the super power in the manufacture of durable , high quality , and well priced electronics. John Tarpeys Concerns The management of a company is paramount to its survival in the long run. The concern of Tarpey about how long Apple was going to rely on Jobs opinions as its leader was very crucial in the decision-making process(GREENLIGHT CAPITAL, LP v. APPLE, INC., No. 13 Civ. 900 (RJS)., S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2013). Since Job spearheaded every strategic move concerning the company's growth; his absence could have affected how the great company was being managed by Jobs before and during his sickness. The doubt that Tarpey had was valid in that the effective management of the company was in a delicate position for most of the stakeholders gauged the future performance of the company regarding the competence levels of the management. The competition was stiff then, and the other market players were keen to adopt the innovative works of Apple Company that were the market leader (Opperman v. Path, Inc., 87 F. Supp. 3d 1018, N.D. Cal. 2014). Tarpeys concern was how capable the market players were aggressive to surpass the unique product development methods of Apple and their ability to override the power that Apples Company had bestowed in the electronics Market. Competition was stiff and there was need to have a leader who could help the company remain innovative throughout its ongoing concern For a shareholder to buy the shares of a company, the company in question should be attractive as determined by factors such as efficient management of the company operations (Moustafa, H., et al., 2010). Tarpeys doubt and indecisiveness lied on whether to advise the shareholders to sell their shares at that particular moment when the company had a stable management and a good performance. The primary concern was the future of Apple's management in the absence of Jobs. Bibliography Ericsson, Inc. v. D-Link Systems, Inc., 773 F.3d 1201. ( Fed. Cir. 2014). Greenlight Capital, LP v. APPLE, INC., No. 13 Civ. 900 (RJS). ( S.D.N.Y. Feb. 22, 2013). Moustafa, H., et al. (2010). Apple Inc. : performance in a Zero Sum World Economy. Information Technology (31), 1-21. Opperman v. Path, Inc., 87 F. Supp. 3d 1018. ( N.D. Cal. 2014). Oracle America, Inc. v. Google Inc., 750 F.3d 1339. ( Fed. Cir. 2014). Pom Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co., 134 S. Ct. 2228, 573 U.S., 189 L. Ed. 2d 141. (2014). Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business review,86 (1), 25-40. Rasmussen v. Apple Inc., 27 F. Supp. 3d 1027 . (N.D. Cal. 2014). Scantland v. Jeffry Knight, Inc., 721 F.3d 1308. ( 11th Cor. 2013). US v. Apple Inc., 952 F. Supp. 2d 638. (S.D.N.Y. 2013). US v. Apple, Inc., 791 F.3d 290 . (2d Cir. 2015). VirnetX Inc. v. Apple Inc., 925 F. Supp. 2d 816 . (E.D. Tex. 2013).

How to Build a Coupon Site on WordPress

In this post, lets see how you can build a coupon site on WordPress. If youve got something to sell, discount coupons are a great way to keep the cash resisters ringing.From penny-pinching moms to debt-laden students, most shoppers actively look for coupons that can lighten the burden on their wallets. Inserts in weekend newspapers have given way to websites offering discount coupons. To create a coupons page or section on your website, youll need to create a custom post. If youre unsure how to go about this, read up Karols earlier post  on creating a custom post on WordPress. You can also use a plugin to add a simple coupon on any existing page (explained further below).2. Or publish your coupons on a dedicated coupon website. You can host coupons of a single product, or use it as a common market place, hosting the coupons of a number of products or sellers as on  RetailMeNot. In a dedicated coupon website, a customer can search for a particular discount voucher and use that cod e to get a discount or cashback on a retailers website.If youre not sure which option is best for you, try   building a dedicated coupon site or add coupons to your existing product page. Try a few options, to see what works best to help improve product conversion/affiliate income.Why you should use couponsIn recent years, theres been a good increase in the number of online shoppers. And often what draws them to the internet for their shopping is coupons. These trends are reflected in this study on coupon use by Valassis. You can see that,Use of coupons increased by 32% in 2016 over the previous year.38% used more coupons during 2016 as compared to the previous year.Over 50% (and 66% of millennials) in the study group expressed that they are more likely to shop online for groceries if they could use coupons.35% of shoppers use print and digital coupon equally.(Chart by WordPress Charts and Graphs Lite.)If you need more data to convince you of the hike in use of coupons, youll find it in this post listing statistics from various sources. Major trends like these cannot be ignored if youre serious about selling online. And if coupons are a major draw for online shoppers, maybe its time you started offering them too.How do coupons helpBesides the obvious advantage of increased sales volumes, coupons also help to,Redirect search engines to the eCommerce portals.Promote affiliate offers.Form a loyal community of shoppers.Target promotions based on sensing mobile phone location and geo-fencing.Personalize communication with customer.How to build a coupon site on WordPressOnce youve signed up with a hosting service and installed WordPress on your website, youll need to find and install a theme. In case youre looking for  help on installing WordPress, look up Adelinas post on creating a blog.Selecting a themeYoull need to choose and  install a theme. There are a number of themes designed specifically for people who want to build a coupon site on WordPress. The th eme you select must be capable of creating coupons and showcasing a catalog of coupons. Provided you find the right theme, adding the relevant information and publishing coupons should be a breeze.When aiming to build a coupon site on WordPress, look for the following features, depending on your coupon websites specific needs:Advanced search using categories and filters.Category and store display for easy browsing.Coupon listing options such as top coupons, expiring coupons, date added, popular, featured.Registration, review and publishing of user submitted coupons.Contact form for customers and affiliates to contact you for deals.Subscription features and membership systems for exclusive deals and offers.Social sharing options and social login option.Countdown timers to build urgency for coupon expiry.Payment gateways.FAQ section.Customized email templates for personalized offers.Blog templates.Tracking statistics, so you know how each coupon is faring.Provision for feedback from u sers.Printable coupon codes.Option to hide your coupon and affiliate links.Some quality themes that come with most of these features are Couponer, Clipper and WordPress Coupon Theme.For example, Couponer is a top notch theme that can host coupons across multiple industries and allow users to search for coupons using filters.WordPress Coupon Theme, on the other hand, can help you build a  search engine friendly coupon website on WordPress.Displaying mobile apps on websitesUse of mobile devices is on the rise, as you can see in this infographic that appeared in Small Business Trends. You might also consider creating  a mobile app for your coupons, a  mobile app greatly increases your ability to provide personalized user experiences based on the users location.How to add a coupon to your existing websiteIf you wish to add a simple coupon to your existing website, instead of trying to build a coupon site on WordPress from scratch, take the help of Coupon Creator or WPCoupons, two popular WordPress plugins. Coupon Creator Author(s): Brian JesseeCurrent Version: 3.0Last Updated: August 14, 2019coupon-creator.3.0.zip 84%Ratings 139,245Downloads WP 4.9+Requires Download, install and activate Coupon Creator in your WordPress website. Once activated proceed to Coupons Add New. Choose styling options, set expiry date and add links, category and images. Fill in all the coupon fields, save and publish.When you open a New Post,  Posts Add New, an Add Coupon Button will appear in the Post Editor:You can view the coupon and make changes by editing it in the post. See the shortcode generated in the sidebar? Add it to posts, pages, custom post types or widgets, depending on where you want the coupon to appear:Ive added the shortcode generated for me in the body of a new post. Check out the coupon that appears on my test website:Now, I have a single coupon that appears on my test website. But you can choose to add more coupons to that page or post, or you can a lso choose to have an entire page devoted to coupons. Go to Page Add New and click on the Coupon button. The following screen will appear:Select the Coupon Loop option and fill in the other options as well, select Insert Coupon and Publish. Youll have as many coupons as you want.Final wordsFiguring out how to build a coupon site on WordPress is just a start. Youll need to promote it actively to make it successful. Youll need to keep making improvements after observing performance for a while. Promoting via social platforms, personalized and regular email communication, allowing users to take advantage of coupons through mobile apps, and making coupons a part of your affiliate/product marketing strategy will go a long way to making your coupon website popular.Do you have any questions about coupons and how to build a coupon site on WordPress? Feel free to submit them in the comments section below. How to build a coupon website on #WordPress 🎟ï ¸ 

“Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe”. Essay Essays

â€Å"Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. Essay Essays â€Å"Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. Essay Essay â€Å"Poor People would be better off if they had fewer children to feed and clothe†. Essay Essay â€Å"Poor Peoples would be better off if they had fewer kids to feed and clothe† . The competency of the hapless in rise uping kids will ever be a impression of concern in every society. notably in the Caribbean part. Sadly. we suffer from different economic and societal developmental issues which dates back as far to the issue of independency from our colonial provinces with the exclusion of some Gallic Caribbean states such as ; Martinique. Guadeloupe. St. Martin and British Virgin Islands. However. most states are plagued with the devil of unemployment courtesy of the fluctuating economic system in the universe at big and in the West. Most states besides suffer from encephalon drain taking back to the slow economic system. For each society to be efficaciously studied. one has to travel beyond the surface and dissect the state of affairs. as cells are to the organic structure so are people to the society/ state that we live in. hence the importance of population surveies in happening out issues that plague the society. further taking us to the subject of treatmen t and rating today which is â€Å" Poor people would be better off if they had fewer kids to feed and clothe† . There is no uncertainty in my head that this statement is so factual. Poor by definition agencies holding small or no money. goods or agencies of support. Therefore if I was hapless and I had less dependants to worry about I would be better off holding fewer kids to feed and apparels. and if I should take the autonomy of pulling your imaginativeness to the world of holding the duty to besides direct multiple kids to school and supply them with technological advancements†¦ hapless people are 120 % better off if they had less duty. The rich nevertheless. make non endure from the achings of holding excessively much kids or excessively small because in kernel they can last this predicament. For this impression of response. the author will be pulling cognition from the Malthusian theory and besides the Neo – Malthusian and Marxist theory. but for now allow us concentrate a spot on the Mathus political orientation and how effectual it is on the rating of the population growing and tendencies. Thomas Malthus. the laminitis of this theory postulates that if the population continues to turn quickly. so the effects would be damaging. he pointed this out in his celebrated treatise. He states that the population increases in geometric proportions ( 2. 4. 6. 8 ) while the nutrient resources available for them would merely increase arithmetically i. vitamin E 1. 2. 3†¦ in simple words if the human population was â€Å"allowed† to increase at a faster rate than the nutrient supply. a point would come when nutrient beginnings couldn’t back up the turning population. Malthus in his thought doubted the inventiveness of world and engineering and even though his theory is non precisely incorrect it doesn’t needfully suit the Caribbean position. Food and apparels are available yes. but do we all have the capital to buy these goods to do life comfortable? Further taking us to believing of Karl Marx who is hell set on that it is the inequality of the opinion cate gory that causes poorness. malnutrition. offense and hungriness. This would be solved if just chances were given to other people and non merely those with wealth running through their venas ; this theory fits in to the Caribbean society today. The opinion would be the politicians and those who are apart of large organisations. These are the people whose kids are better off in life and they besides receive heavy rewards and they perform less burdensome work. Compared to the in-between category and lower workers. who work for such unjust rewards. Therefore taking to the underdevelopment of the destitute and certain population tendencies such as the heavy migration degrees in each state. This farther leads to the loss of human development because the people who leave their place states for better occupation chances and betterments in life criterions leave a spread in the society which the authorities has to make full. bing more. The issue of offense and aberrance in the society can be related to holding hapless back evidences and broken places. particularly juvenile delinquency. The author took it upon herself to measure these deductions and to the extent at which they are true and I came across a household in my community who can be considered as hapless. This household life in one 2 sleeping room house. wit h an outside bathroom and kitchen has 35 people populating in it. In this household there are 2 people over 60 old ages old. their 4 kids and their children’s many kids. Each kid has no less than 5 kids and to add all of them are without male parents. as they have refused to take up their duties. It is sad to state that these sisters have non obtained an instruction higher than a secondary degree. and so they are virtually unemployed with the exclusion of one sister who is a domestic assistant. They are besides populating without electricity and running H2O. We were asked to measure the population in relation to development. How precisely development is possible when surrounded in state of affairs such as these? In most instances such as these. the kids like the 1s in my community will stop up go forthing school and history will reiterate itself. other state of affairss such as aberrant behaviour and teenage gestation will besides gyrate out of control taking to an uneffective society full of dead persons. who will merely finally weigh the economic system down. increase in revenue enhancement to back up public assistance systems. a low GDP rate. addition in condemnable activities and even prematurely deceases. The wellness attention of these less fortunate are besides at inte rest. As persons how can we halt the on-going wretchedness of an overpopulated society. offense and aberrance. wellness attention lacks. encephalon drain. hungriness and the rhetorical rhythm of unemployment? Well there are several organisation which seeks to relief the hapless such as UNICEF and Food for the hapless. who are ever present when natural catastrophes ( hurricanes. temblors. vents ) wreaks mayhem in states. orphanhoods and in the instance of dire demands and physically challenged. In Jamaica there is besides the PATH plan which was instituted to assist kids who are traveling to school. pupils on this plan receive a monthly stipend. wellness attention and tiffin at school. a large aid to most. Besides. if they excel academically. they are awarded scholarships to go on their district instruction. Now back to Malthus. who has his solution which takes the signifier of moral restraint. The use of utilizing birth control methods ( contraceptives/ rubbers ) or merely merely abstaining from sexual activity until one is ready emotionally and economically. acquiring married older. spacing kids and holding less kids. These methods when combined will swerve the turning population and make more productive persons. the hapless would be able to take advantage of the aid they are having and they will so be able to acquire an effectual occupation which will assist them to go less dependent on the society to take attention of them. therefore hapless people would be better off because in kernel they wouldn’t be hapless once more.

Do standards hinder innovation in the IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Do standards hinder innovation in the IT - Essay Example For instance, in Technology Infrastructure Library, the practice is less applicable to provide the service management for the information. Having the standards in place will challenge the people to create innovative and new ways of applying the framework and in developing new services that could not be delivered assuming the standards were not in place. Therefore, from the discussion it is evident that innovation and standard are complexly and uniquely related. The value of having standard in position is important for purposes of economic advancement (Hawkins, Mansell and Skea, 1995). The standard therefore, inhibit the innovation process through codifying some of the inefficient technologies such as QWERTY keyboards. For this reason, when standards and boundaries are imposed on innovation, there more likely that the amount of creativity will be limited. People will unconsciously or naturally limit their level of

Human Resurces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Human Resurces - Essay Example As a new intern, I was always impatient over such realities but learnt to allow myself time to adapt to my new environment. I observed that the workers who had mentors became accustomed to standard routines at a much faster rate than those who, like myself, for one purpose or another did not. I observed that interns with mentors were inspired by their mentors’ confidence in their abilities and made more efforts to learn about their new organisations than did the rest of us. Their mentors also invested time in coaching and encouraging the interns, thus transferring their work skills to the new workers (Forster 2005). It was obvious that organisational objectives can only be accomplished through the collective input of all employees, regardless of rank. Reflective and Reflexive Practice In most of my placements, I was a part of a team or group that was responsible for accomplishing certain objectives. I would have a time for personal reflection during which I considered my role in the group work and how to best accomplish my responsibilities. After this, I was able to put the gleanings from personal reflection into practice. I would then express my ideas about my emerging awareness about my role in group sessions. In each of these team sessions, team members shared on how they believed that their contributions would affect the realisation of company goals on a daily basis. After sharing with others about such experiences, the interns would then return to implement the suggestions from the group session, and then reflect all over again (Hofstede 2003). As interns, we all benefited from the collective practices suggested as well as the individual actions taken by all of us. My personal ideals actually influenced how I interpreted corporate decisions and policies. At times my personal values were at odds with some organisational maxims. At such time, I would actively seek for the opinions of other who I knew had also experienced some measure of conflict durin g the integration process. From them, I learnt that this is a perfectly normal occurrence which is faced by almost all interns during their orientation. These ‘older’ workers also helped me to discover ways in which I could make company ideals my own or change my own views to suit them. Reflexivity is descriptive of the process whereby a person’s self-awareness is developed to the place where reflection is swiftly followed by a response with no time in the middle (Guest and Conway 2004). Reflexive employees will make be confronted by problems and quickly find solutions for them with consistency. When such personnel come across policies that they oppose, they possess the vital self awareness to recognise their disagreement and express it in a comprehensible manner to all (Brooks 2003). This is a quality that I took time to develop during my internship. It only came after I had understood the basic functions of company operations. Moreover, it was obvious to me tha t this was a vital part for employees to be able to relate well with colleagues as well as accomplish their tasks (Debra and Quick 2006). Training was not the only thing that resulted in the reflexive trait being witnessed in employees; each individual employee had to learn at his or her own pace. Some researchers have in the past claimed that training and development practices in organisations ought to be combined as equal

Osmosis and Potato Chips Essay Example for Free

Osmosis and Potato Chips Essay Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi permeable membrane. An osmotic system is established when a semi-permeable membrane is placed between two solutions. In this biological systems context, osmosis is the exchange of water between the potato cell and the surrounding medium of varying sucrose concentrated solutions, with the plasma membrane being the semi- permeable membrane. Because water molecules have kinetic energy, they are constantly moving around in gaseous or liquid form, moving randomly from one place or another. The greater the concentration of water molecules in a system or solution, the greater the total kinetic energy, and the higher its water potential. This means, that as the concentration of glucose increases in a solution, the concentration of water decreases, lessening the solutions water potential, and lessening its ability to move between solutions by osmosis. Relating this to the potato chips: basically, as the concentration of glucose in each solution increases, the water in that solution is less able to move to the potato as there is a higher concentration of water in the potato chip than in the highly concentrated sucrose solution, causing water from the potato to move to the solution, thereby achieving a percentage loss in mass. At concentrations such as 0.0molL-1 and 0.9molL-1, the concentration gradient is steeper; therefore the rate of diffusion is quicker. For the potato chips in the hypertonic 0.9 sucrose solution, the concentration of water molecules in the potato chip cells is greater than the water molecules in the 0.9 sucrose solution. This means that through the process of osmosis, water molecules will move from the potato cell through its semi permeable membrane and into the sucrose solution, therefore resulting in a percentage loss in mass of the potato chips as depicted by my results (a loss of XXX%), thereby justifying w hy the potato chips in the 0.9 sucrose solution being plasmolyzed. In comparison, in the hypotonic tap water solution, the tap water with no sucrose solution (0.0) will have greater water concentration compared to the potato chip, forming a steeper concentration gradient. This means that through the process of osmosis, water molecules will move from the tap water solution through the potato chip cells semi permeable membrane and into the sucrose solution resulting in the rate of water movement from the tap water solution to the cells in the potato chips to be quicker, resulting in a net percentage gain of mass  as shown by my results (a gain of XXX%), therefore justifying why the potato chips in the tap water solution became turgid. As the potato chips are placed into sucrose solutions which concentrations of sucrose are closer to the approximate isotonic range (0.1-0.2), the concentration gradient between the semi permeable membrane of the potato chip cells and sucrose solutions decreases, thereby resulting in the potato chips in the 0.1 solution having only a slight percentage mass increase while the potato chips in the 0.3 sucrose solution having a lower percentage mass loss compared to the potato chips in the 0.9 sucrose solution over the approximate 24-hour period. In the living cell, both the cell wall and plasma membrane determine the permeability of the cell, but the latter of the two is the least permeable of the two. The ability of a substance to pass through these barriers is known as the permeation of the substance. Since not all substances may pass into or out of the cell, the cell surface is known as selectively permeable or as a semi permeable membrane. The semi permeability varies from cell to cell and under certain conditions. A solution in which the concentration of sucrose is greater than that inside the cell is called a Hypertonic solution and will cause a cell to become plasmolyzed. An example of this in my results is the test at 1 molar. In other words, it becomes dehydrated and loses water through plasmolysis. If the concentration of the sucrose solution outside the cell is less than that inside the cell, this means that the solution is Hypotonic to the cells of the potato chip. The water will diffuse into the cells, making it turgid. This would explain why potato chips put into a solution of 0 molar seemed very firm compared to the potato chip used for 1 molar, this was because the cells of the potato had lost their turgor, and had become flaccid. To conclude this, I can say that the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is affected by concentration of glucose solution, or by any other solution. The higher the concentration of glucose solution, the potato chip will have a net percentage loss in mass.

Siddhartha Essays: Achieving Enlightenment at the River -- Hesse Siddh

Achieving Enlightenment at the River in Siddhartha      Ã‚   In Siddhartha's quest for enlightenment, Herman Hesse makes the river the final focal point of the novel. Siddhartha is set on his journey to the river by listening to his inner voice and questioning authority. The river comes to represent the ideas through which Siddhartha reaches enlightenment. The essential concepts of time and how it relates to life are discovered by Siddhartha through listening to the river. He comes to realize that his previous conclusion is correct, wisdom cannot be taught. When he reaches nirvana, he also sees how spiritualism and materialism both have a place in the cycle of life. Acting as Siddhartha's inspiration to his ultimate goal, the river operates as a significant element in Hesse's novel, Siddhartha.    Early in the novel, Siddhartha sets his life pattern by questioning the authority of Hinduism. With his friend Govinda, he begins life amongst the samanas. With the samanas, Siddhartha begins to master their teachings. Feeling unfulfilled, Siddhartha concludes as an ascetic he will not reach bliss as the eldest samana has yet to obtain enlightenment. Leaving the forest, Siddhartha and Govinda go to hear the teachings of the illustrious Buddha. After listening to Gotama's preaching, Siddhartha realizes that he will not reach enlightenment through teachings but along a path which he must contrive. Once again lead by his inner voice, Siddhartha begins to explore life in the material world. Over the ensuing twenty years, he becomes deeply entangled with samsara. In forgetting the past teachings, Siddhartha is able to start his journey anew. Disgusted with his life, Siddhartha leaves again and discovers the river. By listening to his... ...hat leads him to the river where he learns the concepts of time and timelessness. From seeing many disciples of varying religions, Siddhartha decides that wisdom is incommunicable. His last revelation comes has he reaches nirvana. The two worlds of spiritualism and materialism do not exist as forces to side with but powers to be in harmony with. The ideas discovered come through his life experiences and most significantly at the river and the nature of it.    Works Cited    Hesse, Herman. Siddhartha. Dover Publications, 1998.    Malthaner, Johannes. "Hermann Hesse: 'Siddhartha'". The German Quarterly. Vol.25, No.2, March 1952.    Timpe, Eugene F. "Hesse's Siddhartha and the Bhagavad Gita". Comparative Literature, V.22 No.4 , 1970, p.23.    "Nirvana". The World Book Encyclopedia, (Vol.14).   Toronto: World Book, Inc., 1987, p.332-333. Siddhartha Essays: Achieving Enlightenment at the River -- Hesse Siddh Achieving Enlightenment at the River in Siddhartha      Ã‚   In Siddhartha's quest for enlightenment, Herman Hesse makes the river the final focal point of the novel. Siddhartha is set on his journey to the river by listening to his inner voice and questioning authority. The river comes to represent the ideas through which Siddhartha reaches enlightenment. The essential concepts of time and how it relates to life are discovered by Siddhartha through listening to the river. He comes to realize that his previous conclusion is correct, wisdom cannot be taught. When he reaches nirvana, he also sees how spiritualism and materialism both have a place in the cycle of life. Acting as Siddhartha's inspiration to his ultimate goal, the river operates as a significant element in Hesse's novel, Siddhartha.    Early in the novel, Siddhartha sets his life pattern by questioning the authority of Hinduism. With his friend Govinda, he begins life amongst the samanas. With the samanas, Siddhartha begins to master their teachings. Feeling unfulfilled, Siddhartha concludes as an ascetic he will not reach bliss as the eldest samana has yet to obtain enlightenment. Leaving the forest, Siddhartha and Govinda go to hear the teachings of the illustrious Buddha. After listening to Gotama's preaching, Siddhartha realizes that he will not reach enlightenment through teachings but along a path which he must contrive. Once again lead by his inner voice, Siddhartha begins to explore life in the material world. Over the ensuing twenty years, he becomes deeply entangled with samsara. In forgetting the past teachings, Siddhartha is able to start his journey anew. Disgusted with his life, Siddhartha leaves again and discovers the river. By listening to his... ...hat leads him to the river where he learns the concepts of time and timelessness. From seeing many disciples of varying religions, Siddhartha decides that wisdom is incommunicable. His last revelation comes has he reaches nirvana. The two worlds of spiritualism and materialism do not exist as forces to side with but powers to be in harmony with. The ideas discovered come through his life experiences and most significantly at the river and the nature of it.    Works Cited    Hesse, Herman. Siddhartha. Dover Publications, 1998.    Malthaner, Johannes. "Hermann Hesse: 'Siddhartha'". The German Quarterly. Vol.25, No.2, March 1952.    Timpe, Eugene F. "Hesse's Siddhartha and the Bhagavad Gita". Comparative Literature, V.22 No.4 , 1970, p.23.    "Nirvana". The World Book Encyclopedia, (Vol.14).   Toronto: World Book, Inc., 1987, p.332-333.

Work Place Ethical Dilemma

Work place Ethical Dilemma Brenda Paz BSHS-331 August 25, 2010 Roberto Vara Jr. Work place Ethical Dilemma According to Freeman, S. (2000) Ethics: An introduction to philosophy and practice ethical dilemma is a complex situation that will involve conflicts between moral imperatives. This is also called ethical paradox which plays a central role in ethics debates. We are not animals and thus should not act and behave like animals. All humans have social acceptable behaviors we must abide from. Standards we all follow to what we believe, having our own opinions, from obeying the law and knowing what is morally right and wrong.For example the ethical admonition to â€Å"treat others as you would like to be treated† is not always easy to follow especially if the individual you should treat with respect does not in turn respect you. This is an example of ethical decision clashing. About three years ago I experienced an ethical dilemma in the workplace which made me feel puzzled, un appreciated and even confused for just doing and following procedure and protocol to my work responsibilities which my job duties required me to do.I worked for a nonprofit organization which helped advocate for individuals with disabilities and their families. My job title was that of a project assistant of a youth group which empowers young adults with disabilities gather the tools necessary to live a more independent and healthier way of life. The problem to the dilemma consisted in nepotism taking place by my immediate supervisor. The organization I worked for was just a small branch which was extended from the main office which was located in Albuquerque, NM.I did not have another immediate supervisor to question any such ethical dilemmas. Each year our project needed to provide accountability of ten new additional youth members to the group. Membership to the group required the creation and development of a goals and dream planning map. Once the member reached three months of attendance to monthly meetings the individual was then issued a stipend of five hundred dollars to assist in reaching such set goal in the plan. As a project assistant one of my job responsibilities was to locate youth with disabilities and invite them to become part of the group.Part of our initial protocol was not to use the stipend as the initial incentive to join the group but rather to make the youth group more appealing by emphasizing social group gatherings, activities, advocacy and the initial growth of one’s self confidence and development in learning to advocate for themselves and others who cannot speak for themselves in front of congress. My supervisor however did not follow protocol and often selected individuals from her immediate social circle of friends and family members to join the youth group.Secondly those initial members were not required to meet the three month required time limit of monthly meeting attendance to acquire the stipend. One day I politely q uestioned her selection process and she quickly gave the explanation that she needed to meet the quota and had to sign up 10 youth members no matter who they were so the project would not loose funding. Yet when I confronted her about trying to sign up my son or family members with disabilities I was informed I could not because I worked for the organization.I was informed by her that she needed to bend the rules to meet quota but when I offered to help by suggesting to enroll individuals with disabilities from my social circle I was denied. I should have just dropped the issue right there and them, however I went on to question her actions and she abruptly stated† How dare you question me? Don’t try to undermine me Brenda†, then she just changed the conversation right away. Well, soon after that our work relationship was very shaky and when my employment contract ended I was not offered a new contract again.Based on what I learned since I began my study at the Un iversity of Phoenix and through my continued work experience I think I would have handled the situation in the same manner but I would have chosen my words differently. At the time I believe my questioning of her actions and the way I came about it was wrong in the sense that I was trying to fight fire with fire. I was trying to justify my possible actions and suggesting the same methods she was using to recruited my circle of members in the same manner.I now realize that you should not try to suggest justification of one’s actions by doing the same thing the other individual is doing. I needed to fight fire with water and in turn make her analyze her actions and view her ways in a cam and professional manner. Then if that did not work I should have escalated to the next level and called her supervisor in Albuquerque just as a note of information not an accusation. According to _________Ethics can be seen as both the highest and the lowest standards of practice expected of a practitioner, reflecting both the standards of the community and the profession.Codes, rather than being precise dictates, are actually combinations of rules and utilitatian principles that do not provide a rational as to why a particular behavior is right or wrong in a particular situation or circumstance. Therefore, many issues cannot be resolved solely by relying on codes of ethics. Practical judgment and informed conscious reasoning are necessary in the proper application of codes of ethics. Various professional organizations have established codes of ethics for their members however in similar professional, the codes of ethics and acceptable behavior can vary greatly.When faced with an ethical dilemma, a practioner would do well to think of the formal code of ethics of his/her profession and then through a formal ethical decision making process to expedite s sound solution.References Freeman, S. J. , (2000). Publication manual of the Wadsworth group, a division of Thomson Learn ing Inc. Ethics: An introduction to philosophy & practice Environmental Protection Agency Website, (2009), Publication research group of the Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http:// www. epa. gov/progress/#i

Important For The Survival Of A Firm Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3393 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The relationship between liquidity and profitability has been investigated by many researchers (Eljelly, 2004; Zainudin, 2006; Rehman and Nasr, 2007; Bhunia, Khan and Mukhuti, 2011). Some of these researchers claimed the inverse relationship between liquidity and profitability of a firm (Eljelly, 2004 and Rehman and Nasr, 2007) and some researchers argued that positive relationship exist between them (Zainudin, 2006; Bhunia, Khan and Mukhuti, 2011 and Bhunia, 2012). The positive relationship shows that firms which have higher liquidity have a propensity to make better profits (Zainudin, 2006). There are two basic measures of liquidity; current ratio and quick (acid test) ratio. I have used current ratio to calculate liquidity as it is a wide measure of liquidity that gives confidence to short-term creditors that current liabilities will pay off by liquidating current assets (Zainudin, 2006) and mostly used by researchers as a proxy of liquidity (Rehman and Nasr, 2007, Bhunia, Khan and Mukhuti, 2011 and Bhunia, 2012). So the liquidity of a firm would be calculated as under: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Important For The Survival Of A Firm Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Liquidity= Current Ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities 3.3.2.2 Inventory turnover ratio Inventory turnover ratio pointed out how quickly firm sells its inventory, measured as rate of goods movement into the firm from raw material to finished goods and out of the firm in the form of sales (Stickney Weil, 2002). Variability in inventory turnover ratio is caused by segment-wise-effect and when firms work in sales decline state then bigger changes are due to changes in sales (Kolias, Dimelis Filios, 2010). Usama (2012) argued that minimum inventory turnover in days and cash conversion cycle can create higher profit. Capkun, Hameri Weiss (2009) examined the inventory performance by total inventory and the distinct components of inventory such as raw material, work in process and finished goods. They found that inventory performance is positively correlated with financial performance of the firm and association between the performance of distinct components of inventory and financial performance differ across inventory components. Previous researches show various results regarding inventory turnover ratio as Gaur, Fisher Raman (2004), Boute et al. (2007) and Kolias, Dimelis Filios (2010) claimed that inventory turnover and profitability are negatively correlated while Capkun, Hameri Weiss (2009) and Sahari, Tinggi Kadri (2012) argued that inventory turnover ratio and firm performance are positively correlated. The formula to measure inventory turnover ratio is as under: Inventory turnover ratio= Total sales/inventory 3.3.2.3 Debt-to-equity ratio Debt-to-equity ratio is used to evaluate the risk associated with firms financing structure (Wild, Larson Chiappetta, 2007, p. 689). It shows the proportion of equity and debt which the firm is using to finance its assets. A firm adopts suitable mix of sources of finance such as retained earnings, issuance of ordinary and preference shares and debt to maximize shareholders wealth (Afza Hussain, 2011). Debt financing gives a tax shield to a firm therefore they took high level of debt to gain maximum tax benefits and eventually increase profitability. However, the increase of debt financing increases the possibility of bankruptcy (Myers, 2001). A high leverage or a low equity capital ratio causes to reduce the agency cost related to outside equity and raises firm value (Berger Bonaccorsi di Patti, 2003). The level of investment can be increased through the use of borrowed capital and it increased the return of invested capital but it also increased the risk for the firm and for the owners due to fixed expenses of interest (Eriotis, Frangouli Neokosmides, 2011). Elsas, Flannery Garfinkel (2006) argued that debt financing produces negative long run performance more than equity financing whereas financing with internal funds never produce important share underperformance. Amjed (2011) claimed that debt financing is considered to be cheaper than equity financing due to tax benefit and concluded that long term debt has a negative impact on firms performance and short term debt has a positive impact on firms performance. Eriotis, Frangouli Neokosmides (2011) claimed that debt-to-equity ratio has a negative impact on firms performance. The formula of debt-to equity ratio is provided below: Debt-to-equity ratio= Total debt/Total equity 3.3.2.4 Size ownership Size shows the level of firms operations. Larger firms are stronger to face risky situations and have better means to go through these types of situations. Size also brings stronger bargaining power to the firm over its competitors and suppliers and bigger firms have superior technology (Bhattacharyya Sexena, 2009). ). Gibrat(1931) presented a law that growth rate and size of a firm are independent. His law advocated that during a specific period, the probability of change in size is same for all the firms in the given industry. Small firms are more productive but lower survival probability due to two to four times more level of risk as compare to large firms (Dhawan, 2001). Small firms have high profit rate increase as compare to medium or large firms and when these firms become bigger, their profits rate become higher (Ammar et al., 2003). Past studies have different views regarding size and profitability relationship. Some researchers found that profitability of a firm increases as firm size decreases (Dean, Brown Bamford, 1998; Ammar et al., 2003; Ramasamy, Ong, yeung, 2005; Abu-Tapanjeh 2006 and Punnose, 2008) while other claimed that firm size and level of profitability are positively correlated (Treasy1980, Amirkhalkhali Mukhopadhyay, 1993 and Bhattacharyya Sexena, 2009 ). Many proxies are used for size by many researchers according to the requirements of their study. Mostly total sales, total assets or market capitalization is used as proxy of size. In this study, total sales is used as proxy of firm size. Majumdar (1997) and Bhattacharyya and Sexena (2009) also used total sales to measure firm size. For data symmetry, I used natural log of total sales. So the firm size would be: Size= Log (Total Sales) 3.4 Population Population is the concerned group of individuals, data or items from which sample is taken. The concerned population in this study is the Chemical firms listed on the Karachi stock exchange for the period of 2005-2010. The total number of chemical firms listed on Karachi stock exchange is 36. 3.5 Sample and Sampling technique To find out the determinants of firms profitability, this study took the sample of 20 firms from Textile industry of Pakistan which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) during 2005 to 2010 as it is the oldest and largest stock exchange in Pakistan. The firms were selected for the sample by using simple random sampling technique as this technique assures that each component in the population has an equal probability of being selected in the sample ( Zikmund, 2002, p.384). 3.6 Data sources This study took only firm specific factors which affect firms profitability. So, the data for firms specific factors was calculated from the financial statements of the respective firms and report provided by State Bank of Pakistan namely Financial Statement Analysis of Companies (Non-Financial), listed at Karachi Stock Exchange issue 2005-2010. This research is a longitudinal research because same variables were observed repeatedly for the period of six years from 2005 to 2010. 3.7 Hypothesis This study contains one dependent variable i.e. returns on assets (ROA) and four independent variables such as liquidity, inventory turnover ratio, debt-to-equity ratio and size. So, the testable hypotheses (the alternate hypothesis) are hereafter: H11: There may exist a negative relationship between liquidity and profitability of a firm. Firms with higher level of liquidity may possess lower level of profitability and vice versa. H12: There may exist a positive relationship between inventory turnover ratio and profitability of a firm. Firms with higher inventory turnover ratio may possess higher level of profitability and vice versa. H13: There may exist a negative relationship between debt-to-equity ratio and profitability of a firm. Firms with higher level of debt-to-equity ratio may possess lower level of profitability and vice versa. H14: There may exist a negative relationship between size and profitability of a firm. Firms with larger size may possess lower level of profitability and vice versa. Table 3.1 Explanatory variables with their proxy and expected relationship with the profitability (ROA) Variable Name Proxy for the variable Expected relationship Liquidity Current Ratio (CR) Negative Inventory turnover Inventory turnover ratio (INVT) Positive Debt-to-equity ratio Debt-to-equity ratio (DER) Negative Size Log (Total Sales) (SZ) Negative Chapter 4 Analysis and Discussion This chapter includes the statistical analysis of the sample data and gives details regarding empirical findings of the study. 4.1 Analysis This part would indicate the empirical findings of the study. The first table provides the descriptive statistics which quantitatively describe the main characteristics of the data. The second table contains correlation matrix which shows the association between all the variables. The third table entails the OLS regression estimates with fixed effects and fourth table contains the random effects to establish the relationship between dependent and independent variables. 4.1.1 Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics portrays summary of the data which is used in the study to clearly understand the range and characteristics of the data. Table 4.1 represents descriptive statistics for 20 Pakistani Chemical firms for a period of 6 years from 2005 to 2010 and for a 120 firms-year observations. Mean shows the average value of the data and median indicates the middle value of the data. In the table 4.1, mean for the dependent variable i.e. return on assets is 15.927 and median is 13.66. Standard deviation Table 4.1 Descriptive Statistics ROA LQ INVT DER SZ    Mean   15.92700    1.736000    12.59517    1.037250   6.539098    Median    13.66000   1.455000   6.560000    0.945000   6.563317    Maximum   45.13000   5.130000   222.5300    3.490000   7.945245    Minimum -10.98000   0.230000   0.000000   0.190000   5.361393    Std. Dev.   11.32618    0.972208   22.98619   0.671968   0.618107    Skewness   0.566959    1.599074    6.861938   1.111136   0.069343    Kurtosis    2.577047    5.240897   60.02378    4.483081   2.357129    Jarque-Bera   7.323292    76.24882   17200.28    35.69009   2.162585   Probability   0.025690    0.000000   0.000000    0.000000   0.339157    Sum    1911.240    208.3200    1511.420   124.4700   784.6917    Sum Sq. Dev.   15265.60    112.4775    62875.43    53.73339    45.46468    Observations   120   120   120    120   120 signifies the distinctive deviation from the mean. The standard deviation of return on assets is 11.32618. The first main independent variable i.e. liquidity (current ratio) has mean value 1.736; median is 1.455 and standard deviation is 0.972208. The second independent variable which is inventory turnover ratio has mean 12.59517; median is 6.56 and standard deviation is 22.98619. The mean, median and standard deviation of third independent variable i.e. debt to equity ratio are 1.03725, 0.945 and 0.671968 respectively. In the case of firm size (natural logarithm of total sales), which is the last independent variable has mean 6.539098; median is 6.563317 and standard deviation is 0.618107. The data of dependent variable which is return on assets and all the independent variables is positively skewed. The kurtosis is also positive among all the variables. The Jarqua-Bera test is used to check the normality of the data rejects the null hypothesis that all the dependent and independent variables are normally distributed because Jarqua-Bera statistic is very high in most of the variables results and the p value is zero in almost all of the cases. Therefore, the data relating to the variables used in the estimation is not normally distributed because the skewness and kurtosis coefficients are not equal to 0 and 3 respectively. 4.1.2 Correlation Analysis The degree of association between the variables is judged by Pearsons correlation coefficient (r). Table 4.2 presents the correlation analysis of all the variables which are used in the analysis. The basic purpose of correlation analysis is to detect the presence of multicollinearity. Gujrati (2008, p.337) recommends that the problem of multicollinearity exist if the correlation coefficient exceeded 0.80. In correlation matrix, no value is greater than or equal to 0.80. So, there is no high correlation among the variables which are used in the analysis. Returns on assets has significant and positively correlation of 42.57% with liquidity, 39.11% with inventory turnover ratio, 42.48% with firms size and negatively correlated with 27.79% with debt to equity ratio. Table 4.2 Correlation Matrix ROA LQ INVT DER SZ ROA    1.000000   0.425709    0.391140 -0.277932   0.424855 LQ      1.000000 -0.175564 -0.648455   0.002791 INVT       1.000000   0.233890   0.388966 DER       1.000000   0.227785 SZ                1.000000 Inventory turnover is positively associated with debt to equity ratio and firms size with 23.39% and 38.90% respectively. Debt to equity ratio is positively associated with 22.78% with firms size. 4.1.3 Regression Analysis (The Fixed Effects Model) Table 4.3 provides the regression analysis to examine the influence of liquidity (LQ), inventory turnover ratio (INVT), debt to equity ratio (DER) and size of a firm (SZ) on its profitability (ROA). In this model, determinants of firms profitability are estimated with fixed effects. The results of regression analysis shows that this model is good fitted having F-statistic 17.5899 and p- value is 0.000. The adjusted R2 value is 0.762270 which predicts that almost 76% variation in the profitability (ROA) uniquely or jointly due to independent variables. Durbin-Watson stat value is 1.641899, points out that no serial correlation is present in the data as the test value is nearly equal to 2 which is the standard value and it is less than the table value dU= 1.663 under 1% level of significance. Table 4.3 Regression Analysis: The fixed effects model (ROAit= ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 LQit+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 INVTit+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 DERit+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 SZit+eit) Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   C 5.868965 21.19104 0.276955 0.7824 LQ 4.596135 0.977998 4.699533 0.0000 INVT 0.063956 0.036370 1.758493 0.0819 DER -3.315956 1.584092 -2.093285 0.0390 SZ 0.720754 3.245100 0.222105 0.8247 Effects Specification Cross-section fixed (dummy variables) R-squared 0.808218   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Mean dependent var 15.92700 Adjusted R-squared 0.762270   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  S.D. dependent var 11.32618 S.E. of regression 5.522370   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Akaike info criterion 6.432348 Sum squared resid 2927.671   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Schwarz criterion 6.989846 Log likelihood -361.9409   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. 6.658750 F-statistic 17.58990   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Durbin-Watson stat 1.641899 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 The relative importance of all independent variables liquidity (LQ), inventory turnover ratio (INVT) debt to equity ratio (DER) and size of a firm (SZ) in the determination of firms profitability (ROA) depends upon the higher coefficient value and t-statistic. Results revealed that liquidity has more influence on the profitability of a firm than other variables. Liquidity, inventory turnover and firms size have positive coefficients of 4.596135, 0.063956 and 0.720754 with t-statistics of 4.649953, 1.758493and 0.222105 respectively while debt to equity ratio has negative coefficient of -3.315956 with t-statistics of -2.093285. Moreover, the variables liquidity, debt to equity ratio and inventory turnover are significant at 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance. 4.1.4 Remarks The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of firms profitability while using the data of Chemical firms in Pakistan which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. While analyzing the firm specific factors, liquidity is found to have positive impact on profitability. So, H11 is rejected. Inventory turnover ratio shows the positive impact on profitability according to study findings. So, H12 is accepted in this regard. Moreover, the impact of debt-to-equity ratio is found negative on firms profitability. So, we accept H13. Size of the firm indicated positive impact on firms profitability. So, H14 is rejected with respect to study results. All the variables are found significant determinant of firms profitability except size of the firm which has insignificant result according to the study findings. 4.1.5 Regression Analysis (The Random Effects Model) Table 4.4 entails the regression analysis to examine the influence of liquidity (LQ), inventory turnover ratio (INVT), debt to equity ratio (DER) and size of a firm (SZ) on its profitability (ROA). In this model, determinants of firms profitability are estimated with random effects. In random effects model the intercept shows the mean value or average value of all the intercepts and error term shows the random deviation of single intercept from the mean value. The findings of regression analysis indicates that this model is good fitted having F-statistic 14.92818 and p- value is 0.000. The adjusted R2 value is 0.318882 which predicts that almost 32% variation in the profitability (ROA) randomly due to Table 4.4 Regression Analysis: The random effects model (ROAit= ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 LQit+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 INVTit+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 DERit+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4 SZit+eit) Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   C -22.16595 13.27979 -1.669149 0.0978 LQ 4.447065 0.922300 4.821712 0.0000 INVT 0.097785 0.033657 2.905343 0.0044 DER -3.070943 1.450723 -2.116837 0.0364 SZ 4.943581 2.047117 2.414900 0.0173 Effects Specification S.D.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Rho  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Cross-section random 6.345424 0.5690 Idiosyncratic random 5.522370 0.4310 Weighted Statistics R-squared 0.341777   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Mean dependent var 5.332229 Adjusted R-squared 0.318882   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  S.D. dependent var 6.785963 S.E. of regression 5.600447   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Sum squared resid 3606.976 F-statistic 14.92818   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Durbin-Watson stat 1.382481 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 Unweighted Statistics R-squared 0.453175   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Mean dependent var 15.92700 Sum squared resid 8347.605   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Durbin-Watson stat 0.597366 independent variables. On the other hand, Durbin-Watson stat value is 1.382481, points out that no serial correlation is present in the data as the test value is less than the table value dU= 1.663 under 1% level of significance. Coefficient value and t-statistic indicates the relative importance of all independent variables liquidity (LQ), inventory turnover ratio (INVT) debt to equity ratio (DER) and size of a firm (SZ) in the determination of firms profitability (ROA). Results revealed that liquidity has more influence on the profitability of a firm than other variables. Liquidity, inventory turnover and firms size have positive coefficients of 4.447065, 0.097785 and 4.943581 with t-statistics of 4.821712, 2.905343 and 2.414900 respectively while debt to equity ratio has negative coefficient of -3.070943with t-statistics of -2.116837. Moreover, the variables liquidity and inventory turnover ratio are significant at 1% and debt-to-equity ratio and size are significant at 5% level of significance. 4.1.6 Remarks The basic purpose of this study is to find out those factors which affect firms profitability. The above model is used to find out the relationship between the dependent and independent variable with the random effects model. The model exhibits that liquidity is significantly positively correlated with profitability. So, H11 is rejected. Inventory turnover ratio shows the significantly positive impact on profitability. So, H12 is accepted in this regard. On the other hand, the impact of debt-to-equity ratio is found to be significantly negatively associated with the firms profitability. So, we accept H13. Size of the firm indicated significantly positive impact on firms profitability. So, H14 is rejected with respect to study results. All the variables are found significant determinant of firms profitability in random effects model. 4.2 Discussion The basic purpose of this study is to identify the determinants of firms profitability while using the data of Chemical firms in Pakistan which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. The research findings show that liquidity is significantly positively correlated with profitability which satisfies the findings of (Zainudin, 2006, Bhunia, Khan Mukhuti, 2011 and Bhunia, 2012) but it opposes the results of (Eljelly, 2004 and Rehman and Nasr, 2007). Inventory turnover ratio shows the significantly positive impact on profitability according to study findings which is consistent with the finding of (Sahari, Tinggi Kadri, 2012). On the other hand, the impact of debt-to-equity ratio is found to be significantly negatively associated with the firms profitability which supported the conclusion of (Eriotis, Frangouli Neokosmides, 2011). Size of the firm indicated significantly positive impact on firms profitability according to the findings of (Treacy, 1980; Bhattacharyya Sexena, 2009 and Am irkhalkhali Mukhopadhyay, 1993) and the findings rejected the arguments of (Ramasamy, Ong yeung, 2005, Ammar et al., 2003 and Dean, Brown Bamford, 1998). On the whole, the selected variables are strongly associated with the profitability of the firm. Liquidity is the most important factor to affect profitability. Although size and debt-to equity ratio reveal strong power to affect profitability, but their explanatory power is less than liquidity. On the other hand, inventory turnover ratio has a significant positive relationship with profitability but its explanatory power is less than other independent variables. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Implications This chapter provides conclusion, limitations and of the study further directions for future research. 5.1 Conclusion The primary objective of this study was to find out the factors which determine the profitability of the firm while analyzing the financial data of Chemical industry of Pakistan which are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange for the period of 2005 to 2010. The findings revealed that the selected variables have significant relationship with the profitability and they strongly affect the profitability of the firm. The findings suggested that liquidity has a strong positive impact on profitability. Firms should maintain optimal level of liquidity to meet short term obligations. The results also show that inventory turnover ratio is positively associated with firms profitability. It means that firm gets higher profit by quickly converting its inventory into cash. The findings reject the pecking order theory as debt-to-equity ratio has inverse relationship with profitability as debt-to-equity ratio increases, the firms profitability decreases. It shows that firm should not rely on heavy debt financing. The findings confirm the trade-off theory that firms should focus on trade-off of costs and benefits while selecting how much equity and debt to use as financing sources. Lastly, the findings reject the Gibrats law and claimed that firm size and profitability are positively related. The results indicated that profitability goes up as firms size become larger. 5.2 Limitations of the research This study is carried out in Pakistan which has developing economy so there are many problems with respect to availability of data as many manipulations and misrepresentations are existed in publically available data. Many sources were used for data collection. So, the quality of results of this study depends upon the available data of selected companies. Due to limitations of time and scope of the research required to focus only on limited number of firms. Due to available resources, only internal factors which affect profitability are included in the study. 5.3 Directions for the future research This research was first time conducted in Pakistan to explore the determinants of firms profitability in Karachi Stock Exchange. Further studies should be carried out in Pakistan to explore this phenomenon on different sectors or in other developing economies to evaluate whether the factors have same effect in different economies. Comparative research on this topic could be employed while taking different sectors of the economy. Moreover, external factors could be used to analyze their affect on profitability in developing economy. Different models could be employed for further in-depth analysis.