Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research methods - Essay Example At the next level, the precise structure and the methods used for data collection and analysis are expected to be less clear in qualitative studies compared to quantitative ones (Kumar 2010). As a result, a misunderstanding may often results in regard to the characteristics of a qualitative study; in certain qualitative studies, their design is identical with the data collection method, as, for example, in the case of the participant observation’ (Kumar 2010, p.104). Further differences can be identified regarding the philosophical underpinning of the two approaches. More specifically, the qualitative studies are usually characterized as ‘naturalistic’, being depended on social evidence, while the quantitative studies are ‘positivistic’ (Rapport 2004, p.2), being depended on specific facts which can be analysed using tools that can ‘produce generalisable observations’ (Rapport 2004, p.2). On the other hand, qualitative studies are likely to emphasize on the relationship between the causes and the effects of particular events while the qualitative studies are based on the analysis of human behaviour, as reflected in the responses of participants to a series of events. In accordance with Lee (1999) one of the key characteristics of the qualitative approach is that it is ‘context – free’ (Lee 1999, p.8), meaning that it is not based on empirical results but it rather refers to findings that reflect the local conditions, as related to a series of events. From this point of view, researchers using the qualitative approach give emphasis on the responses of participants to specific events (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill 2009); in opposition, in quantitative studies researchers tend to focus on the development of empirical results, which need to be fully justified, as of the methods used for generating them, and verified; in qualitative approach, the researcher does not have such concerns since the qualit ative study can refer to the views of a limited number of participants (Hansen 2007); these views do not have to be tested as of their validity as in the case of quantitative studies. Moreover, Elliott (2005) noted that qualitative and quantitative approaches can be characterized as ‘divergent genres’ (Elliott 2005, p.184), based on different methods of data presentation; in quantitative studies, efforts need to be made for persuading the readers on the validity of results (Elliott 2005, p.184). In qualitative studies there is no such pressure; the reader has to be informed on the responses of the participants without further explanations on the characteristics of the data and the process involved (Elliott 2005). Section B In the context of the qualitative approach a series of different data collection methods can be used, in accordance with the research aims, the availability of sources and the target population. In the study of Bryman and Bell (2007) emphasis is given on the high range of data collection methods that respond to the requirements of the qualitative approach. Reference is made to five of the most known methods of data collection as used in qualitative studies: a) the participant observation in which the research has to observe the response of a group of persons to particular events; usually, the social group chosen

Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay Example for Free

Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay ABSTRACT: Philosophy works with special types of objects: the totalities. The basic characteristics of this type of object are their metaphysical, transcendental, and total character. The character of these objects determines the specificity of language and the methods of philosophy. The language of philosophy represents symbolic language; speculation is the basic method of philosophy. On the one hand, objects of this type emphasis homo sapien as essences capable of constructing such objects, which in turn assumes the ability of human consciousness to make synthetic acts. On the basis of philosophy as metaphysics, an original approach is offered which divides the history of philosophy into periods as well as providing analysis of different philosophical systems. Feature of philosophical activity, as against a science, is the work with special, not physical objects — the totalities, which are constituted by the philosopher. One of such objects is the world, and, in this sense, we often say, that philosophy is a wel-tanschauung (world-outlook) . Certainly, the world as some set of things can be studied by physics (sciences in a broad sense), but in this case a researcher can miss the point that the world is a totality, not just a simple set of things. As distinct from scientific study the philosophy takes its objects as the totalities, which the subject of knowledge cannot study as ordinary objects, because the including the learning subject character of these the totalities excludes any standard scientific approach to knowledge in principle. Others examples of the above mentioned objects (the totalities) are Ego and God. Objects of this type (with some reservations) are a lot of human being phenomena, such as love, virtue, conscience, courage, bravery, understanding and so on. All these objects are those, that the precise fixing of objective criteria of their existence is impossible, it is impossible to create the high-grade theory of these phenomena (for example, theory of love or bravery), as they assume not only objective Contemplator (as it occurs in case of objects of scientific knowledge), but also postulate the Actor inside them, that causes essentially twinkling way of them being. (2) Exactly the character of these objects determined essential features of the philosophizing as metaphysical activity. The underlining of metaphysical character of philosophy objects dictates the special procedures of work with them, distinct from of methods of scientific knowledge. Metaphysical objects — constructs cannot be given in frameworks of physical experience; the study — constructing of these objects occurs by a way of thinking means, procedures of speculation. That is why the one of the most typical mistakes in the researching of these objects is procedures of naturalization metaphysical objects, i. e. consideration of natural (physical) analogs of these objects. For example, instead of work with the world (the world as totality) we consider the world as some sets of physical, chemical, biological etc. objects, and instead of the analysis of phenomenon of consciousness proper as metaphysical object the natural analog of consciousness — brain or mentality of the particular human being, we examine. Specifying the status of these objects, it is possible to tell, that the subject of the philosophy activity are metaphysical-transcendental objects, i. e. objects having the boundary status of their existence. The boundary character of these objects allows to specify Kantian distinction sensible phenomena and transcendent things in itself. Moreover, metaphysical-transcendental objects are located on border of other known distinctions of classical philosophy. (3) They are, for example, not subjective and not objective, not conscious and not material. It is interesting in this respect appearance of the first proper philosophical category of being, which, in fact, was entered Parmenid`s as boundary metaphysical-transcendental object being-thinking (in this case, alongside with Parmenid`s postulating his first thesis, entering a category of being, presence of the second his thesis, establishing the coincidence of an entered category of being with another category — the category of thinking). In some sense, metaphysical-transcendental objects are Husserl`s phenomenal, from which as a result of procedures of objectivizing and (or) subjectivizing the subjects and objects can be received, i. e. is entered subjective-objective distinction of New time. On the other hand, the boundary character of these objects allows still to work with them ( I specially avoid the term to learn, as far as these procedures are applied only for work with usual objects). Above this mode of working with them was named as speculation, which, as a result, the construction of these objects to occur by a way of thinking means. The creation such thinking construct is caused by that the person aspires to understand mode of functioning of the totalities, which surround him. And just this phenomenon of surprise before presence of such totalities is a beginning and basic nerve of philosophy. In this sense, philosophizing is possible only as an act of work of the beings, capable to postulate these totalities, due to synthetic acts (Kant), as being, perceiving the environmental world not in itself, but by means of symbolical function (Cassirer), through a prism of the transformed forms (Marx, Mamardaschvili). Another important characteristic of metaphysical objects is their total-making nature. It means, that the purpose of designing such objects is the attempt of understanding of some phenomenon of totality (for example, the world as whole, totality) in light of a question how (why) this phenomenon is possible?. The answer to this question assumes revealing mechanism of existence of this phenomenon. That is why it is important for the philosopher not to know some common aspect, that is allowed at a level of the primary, superficial description of it and other similar objects, but to know general (total) principle of functioning of objects of this type. For example, if a row of the plane polygons is given to us, a triangle(4) will act as general principle of this variety, because all others plane polygons can be given with the help of a triangle. Thus, philosophical constructs act as transcendental condition of seeing of other physical objects. That the phenomenon of seeing of a house was possible as some totality, it is necessary to postulate a row of transcendental conditions of this phenomenon, among them we can allocate necessity being of the house (Parmenid), recognition (and taking shape) this being by means of idea of home (Plato), fixing the house as an object of perception by some subject (Decartes) within spatial-temporary a priory forms of sensuality (Kant). On the other hand, a row of such philosophical constructs define a horizon, a way of seeing of subjects (Wittgenstein), associated with a certain epoch. For example, the mentioned above transcendental conditions of a phenomenon of seeing of a house define a way of seeing of subjects within the framework of classical philosophy. In this sense these constructs act as total-necessary cultural machines, that set the cultural way of living activity of the person and made imperceptible but essential background of his existence. For example, when a modern man looks at star sky, he sees not simply separate stars, but constellations — and it is impossible to explain to a person from other culture (and the more so, being, which is not having ability to the synthetic acts). Moreover, developing this example with constructing of constellations, it is possible to tell, that exactly it has made possible occurrence of such activity as an astrology. The above mentioned metaphysical character of philosophy objects causes the specification of the language and methods philosophizing. The language of philosophy has not signal, but symbolical character. Lets stop on it hardly more in detail. Already science differs from the common sense description, because it uses some abstraction, ideal elements, which, in a common case, it is impossible to compare any certain objects of the physical validity. For example, as D. Gilbert says, in mathematics, those are language fictions, and one of the main problems of a substantiation of mathematics is either an exception these fictions, or imposing some certain restrictions — all that prevent the appearance of negative consequences, while using language fictions. Any language works with signs, besides that, any theory deals with mentioned language fictions (=  «symbols »), i. e. such kinds of signs, with which nothing corresponds in sensible reality. For example, in physics has concepts a material point, an absolutely black body, etc. They are often called as abstract — ideal objects, which turn out by a way of abstraction (idealization) from any properties of real physical objects. But in physics there are and more fictitious objects: cwarcks, for example, which not only is evident not imagine, but also until last time have acted only as theoretical constructs essentially of unobservable nature. In this case we can postulate a metaphysical mode of existence for these objects. It is important to emphasize, that these metaphysical objects do not exist in the same sense, as it is for the particular objects of a physical reality, such as table, chair,etc. The majority of the philosophy terms, its categorical apparatus have such symbolical character. It is impossible to give any referents of philosophical categories inside a physical reality. We can take as an example of such philosophical categories as being, consciousness etc. , for which we can somehow find certain physical analogues (for example, for a philosophical category  «being  » such analogue is the category  «substance » or matter). But there are more humanitarian objects connected with some features of a human being way, for which in general there are no analogues in a nature. These are, for example, concepts virtue, conscience, love, debt, bravery This specification of the philosophy language, which symbols indicate an existence of a special metaphysical dimension of a reality could be expressed by Kantian exclamation Excuse me, but it is not, what I speak about (mean)! in reply to German poet Schiller`s misunderstanding his categorical imperative. The metaphysical character of the categorical philosophical apparatus predetermines also specification of philosophical reasoning. The postulated non-sense character of perception of objects of the filosophizing assumes the special procedures of work, which were above characterized as a procedure of speculation. The main difficulty thus — is absence of a support on sensible analogy, which often helps us in daily life. The structure a reasoning about pure being (or conscience) is principle different from the reasoning about a tree, or a sex, or other objects of the physical world. Danger, which here waits us — influence of our vital experience, influence sensible hooks, which can destroy the ability for the reflex and philosophical analysis. To explain the idea about involuntary influence ours sensible apparatus, M. Mamardaschvili in the lectures about M. Proust, used as an example biblical commandment when they beat you on the one cheek — put another one as a vivid example of inhibition (Husserl`s  «phenomenological reduction ») of a standard human reaction (reflex), imposed to us by sense-figurative thinking (if somebody hearts you — reply with the same). Moreover, it is possible, that some other logic operates in area of speculative objects, distinct from usual, earthly logic. In particular, according to opinion of the Russian philosopher and the logic N. A. Vasiljev, validity of the logic law of excluded third, has purely earthly an origin and it is connected with primacy, after Aristotle, of individual existing things. (5) If we, following Plato, consider classes of subjects as primary (for instance, subject a class of tables), the law of excluded third will be incorrect, as the table as one of set of subjects of a class of tables can be simultaneously both white and non-white (in instance, green). Of course, here it is necessary to realize, that the opposite properties are attributed to the different individuals of primary subject — different things of the same class). The transfer of the point of view from single objects to classes of objects has allowed N.Vasiljev to formulate imagined logic with the law of excluded fourth. This logic in anything does not concede on its parameters to our habitual logic with the law of excluded third, but expands opportunities of our thinking. Within the framework of this logic the paradoxical coincidence between maximum and minimum, revealed Nikolaj from Kuza, does not cause surprise. The only acceptable procedure for understanding of philosophical categories within of some philosophical framework is the correlation of the different speculative (metaphysics) objects with the help of a method language game.

A Comparison of Love in The Knights Tale, Wife of Baths Tale, and Fra

Love in The Knight's Tale, Wife of Bath's Tale, and Franklin's Tale    The Canterbury Tales, written by Geoffrey Chaucer around 1386, is a collection of tales told by pilgrims on a religious pilgrimage. Three of these tales; "The Knight's Tale", "The Wife of Bath's Tale", and "The Franklin's Tale", involve different kinds of love and different love relationships. Some of the loves are based on nobility, some are forced and some are   based on mutual respect for each partner. My idea of love is one that combines aspects from each of the tales told in The Canterbury Tales.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In "The Knights Tale", the love between the two knights and Emily is intensely powerful. The love that Palomon and Arcite feel towards Emily is so strong that the two knights feel that it is worth more than life. At one point Palomon says to Arcite, " Though I have no weapon here . . . either you shall die or you shall not love Emily." The love that Palomon feels for Emily is so overwhelming that he is willing to take on an armed man, in mortal combat, just for the love of a woman. Perhaps he feels that without her he will surely die, so why not die trying to win her.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ironic fact about the relationship between the two knights and Emily is that Emily does not wish to marry either of the knights. she expresses this in a prayer to Diana, the goddess of chaste, " Well you know that I desire to be a maiden all my life; I never want to be either a beloved or a wife." This is so ironic because Arcite and Palomon are about to kill each other for her love and she doesn't want to beloved by either of them. She enjoys the thrills of maiden ho... ... Wife of Bath's Tale" the knight is forced into a love relationship, which I feel could only lead to an unfulfilling relationship. Also in " The Knight's Tale ", Arcite and Palomon are in love with a woman to whom they have never even spoken to. This is hardly the basis for a strong and lasting relationship.    Works Cited    Bowden, Muriel.   A Reader's Guide to Geoffrey Chaucer.   New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1964.    Howard, Edwin J. Geoffrey Chaucer.   New York: Twayne Publishers,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In., 1964.    Justman, Stewart. "Love in The Canterbury Tales."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Modern Critical Views on Geoffrey Chaucer.   Ed. Harold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bloom.   New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1995.    Patterson, Lee.   Chaucer and the Subject of History.   Wisconsin:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The University of Wisconsin Press, 1991

Knowledge: Books Or Experience Essay

Knowledge can be gained through various means, the most important being reading the books. Experinced is also one of the important factor to gained the indepth knowledge. There has been always a controversy between the two about which one gives richer and broader view of knowledge. I personaly feel that this two are interrelated, in the sense one follows the other. Knowledge gained through reading the books is of no use unless and untill we implement it in our practical life. Implementing the knowledge is nothing but the experince gained through it. Books are the vast storage of knowledge. Numerous books are available on varied subject. One can gain indepth knowledge by reading varied books on that topic. This will give the individual broader and richer view on that topic. However, untill and unless he implement his knowledge in his practical life, the knowledge gained will be of no use. For instance, the Lawer has to read varied books during their professional life. He needs to know the broader and perspective view of each and every law he studies. But his knowledge will be of no use untill he implement it. It is through experince that he will come to know where to apply the particular law or any penal code. So his knowledge about law will follow the use of it in practical life. There are certain other example to support this point. An engineering student will use his knowledge gained through reading the books on engineering subject in an industry. Doctors, scientist, bureacrats, etc all needs to first go through books on their choosen subject and later on the knowledge gained through this will help them to implement it in day to day life. see more:why are books better than tv However, there are certain things which can be gained through years of experince. But in the long the term that may not be that much helpful. For instance, take the case of share broker who has a little knowledge about the stock exchange terms. However, his vast experince in the long term help him to cope up with all the ups and down in the share market. But his experince will be of a little help if he does not know some of the crucial terms and will put him in jeopardy. Such crucial terms can be gained through reading the books only and not through experinced. In sum, it is the experinced gained after reading the books that gives indepth knowledge of certain thing. Knowledge through books and experinced after that are process which follows one after another. Indepth knowledge about certain thing can be obtained after implementing your knowledge gained through reading books.

Capital One

One had accumulated huge amounts of data during so many years. It is clear that they had enough data that will be the source data for the data arouses; a part of the operational layer. Another important part of this layer is the performance, it has to have a minimal impact in their system, and Capital One had dozen of analytics doing thousands of test and as a result of those tests, they were creating files that needed to be stored and also needed to be accessed. Layer. Hat reflected in the creation of files that needed to be stored and at the same time been accessed, the performance had to reflected a minimum impact on the , the creation of files that need to be stored Also, in this layer, it has to be insider to have a minimal impact In order for capital One to use their huge amount of data , First of all , Capital One had a huge amount of data. The data that Capital One had was stored in It was clear that Capital One n Thudded to use its huge amount of data in a better manner. By using data In Cuba they call it ‘The Crisis of October, here in the USA we call it â€Å"the Cuban Missile Crisis†.It was 50 years ago when the world stood still. There was the possibility Of a nuclear war, it seemed to be imminent. An American spy plane was flying over Cuba when it snapped aerial photographs of Soviet sessile sites that had the ability to strike most of the United States. Those missiles were only 90 miles away. The Soviets had never installed any missiles outside Soviet territory until now, and they were in Cuba. It seemed that Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, felt that the US would do little to resist Soviet Expansion in Cuba, since US had to cut all ties with Cuba due to its embraced to communism.What was the real reason for those missiles? Were the Soviets trying to alter the perceptions of the balance of power? Were they trying to protect the Cuban communist regime against an US threat? Were they really meant to not commit any aggressio n on the US? Nobody knows the real reason, although some people think that the introduction of those ballistic missiles into Cuba was a strategy from the Soviets to equalize the balance of power. They were hoping that this move would bolster their strategic military power and diplomatic political strength. Let's remember that these two powerful countries have always been in a political contest.With this change of the Soviet military position they could even entice Latin Americans to embrace Soviet Communism, but the US did see the deployment of missiles in Cuba as a violation of international law. It Was a serious blow to the US. It was a deliberate political challenge to its leadership. A month previous to this crisis, Kennedy warned the Soviets that if any missiles were sneaked into Cuba a conflict will arise, so we can imagine that Kennedy's reaction to the discovery of the missiles was tough; it create a very tense relation between the USA and the Soviets. It was very clear that Kennedy was deceived by the Soviets.There were many public statements that made him believe there wasn't even the slightest intention of the Soviets to install any offensive armaments in Cuba. Even the Soviet ambassador to the United States, Anatoly Dobbin had inform Kennedy that the equipment being shipped to Cuba was for defensive purposes and did not represent any threat to the US. Kennedy had to act quick and firmly due to the political pressure and also to prevent a desalination of the balance of power, plus another reason; the elections were approaching, he had to get the missiles out of Cuba (â€Å"About the Crisis,† 2012).At this point, Kennedy believed that if the Soviet Union made the move, then they will get political advantage in its global struggle with the United States because it would blow the international prestige of the USA and, at the same time, strengthen the Soviet position in the Communist world. According to the transcripts from the Coxcomb tapes and the writings, Kennedy was also worried about Khrushchev challenge on the public opinion in Europe and all Latin America, he believed that he had to take actions against the Soviet union or they would think that he wont take any actions elsewhere.Kennedy announced quarantine as their first step in order to avoid any further introduction of more arms into Cuba. At the same time, an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council to back up the LOS in order to seek a dismantling and withdrawal Of the missiles in Cuba, all these under the supervision of the united Nations observers and a call for a convening of the AS (Organization of American States). Kennedy indicated that if the quarantine failed, then further actions will be justified. He was very clear in his speech; he said that the American forces were ready for al eventualities.At this point, Khrushchev realized that the US was ready to take any actions in order to get the missiles out of Cuba. Even though the quarantin e seemed extreme and put a lot of pressure on the Soviets, it was also a smart decision, he was trying to create minimum risk of a possible war. There were other responses that the CSS could've use in this situation, but this was the most flexible to take. They could've gone for an air strike or an invasion, but this choice left a room for the Soviets to reconsider and take off the Island all their offensive equipment.We can see that it was a very smart decision, a decision taken in a very diplomatic way. It gave both parties enough time to weigh their decisions before moving to the next step (Hansen, 2007). Khrushchev knew that the tensions between the two powers were at its high and any escalation could've led to a disastrous confrontation. Instead, Khrushchev agreed to the US demands to dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba under the supervision of the United Nations, and in return the US made an agreement to never invade Cuba. Capital One One had accumulated huge amounts of data during so many years. It is clear that they had enough data that will be the source data for the data arouses; a part of the operational layer. Another important part of this layer is the performance, it has to have a minimal impact in their system, and Capital One had dozen of analytics doing thousands of test and as a result of those tests, they were creating files that needed to be stored and also needed to be accessed. Layer. Hat reflected in the creation of files that needed to be stored and at the same time been accessed, the performance had to reflected a minimum impact on the , the creation of files that need to be stored Also, in this layer, it has to be insider to have a minimal impact In order for capital One to use their huge amount of data , First of all , Capital One had a huge amount of data. The data that Capital One had was stored in It was clear that Capital One n Thudded to use its huge amount of data in a better manner. By using data In Cuba they call it ‘The Crisis of October, here in the USA we call it â€Å"the Cuban Missile Crisis†.It was 50 years ago when the world stood still. There was the possibility Of a nuclear war, it seemed to be imminent. An American spy plane was flying over Cuba when it snapped aerial photographs of Soviet sessile sites that had the ability to strike most of the United States. Those missiles were only 90 miles away. The Soviets had never installed any missiles outside Soviet territory until now, and they were in Cuba. It seemed that Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union, felt that the US would do little to resist Soviet Expansion in Cuba, since US had to cut all ties with Cuba due to its embraced to communism.What was the real reason for those missiles? Were the Soviets trying to alter the perceptions of the balance of power? Were they trying to protect the Cuban communist regime against an US threat? Were they really meant to not commit any aggressio n on the US? Nobody knows the real reason, although some people think that the introduction of those ballistic missiles into Cuba was a strategy from the Soviets to equalize the balance of power. They were hoping that this move would bolster their strategic military power and diplomatic political strength. Let's remember that these two powerful countries have always been in a political contest.With this change of the Soviet military position they could even entice Latin Americans to embrace Soviet Communism, but the US did see the deployment of missiles in Cuba as a violation of international law. It Was a serious blow to the US. It was a deliberate political challenge to its leadership. A month previous to this crisis, Kennedy warned the Soviets that if any missiles were sneaked into Cuba a conflict will arise, so we can imagine that Kennedy's reaction to the discovery of the missiles was tough; it create a very tense relation between the USA and the Soviets. It was very clear that Kennedy was deceived by the Soviets.There were many public statements that made him believe there wasn't even the slightest intention of the Soviets to install any offensive armaments in Cuba. Even the Soviet ambassador to the United States, Anatoly Dobbin had inform Kennedy that the equipment being shipped to Cuba was for defensive purposes and did not represent any threat to the US. Kennedy had to act quick and firmly due to the political pressure and also to prevent a desalination of the balance of power, plus another reason; the elections were approaching, he had to get the missiles out of Cuba (â€Å"About the Crisis,† 2012).At this point, Kennedy believed that if the Soviet Union made the move, then they will get political advantage in its global struggle with the United States because it would blow the international prestige of the USA and, at the same time, strengthen the Soviet position in the Communist world. According to the transcripts from the Coxcomb tapes and the writings, Kennedy was also worried about Khrushchev challenge on the public opinion in Europe and all Latin America, he believed that he had to take actions against the Soviet union or they would think that he wont take any actions elsewhere.Kennedy announced quarantine as their first step in order to avoid any further introduction of more arms into Cuba. At the same time, an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council to back up the LOS in order to seek a dismantling and withdrawal Of the missiles in Cuba, all these under the supervision of the united Nations observers and a call for a convening of the AS (Organization of American States). Kennedy indicated that if the quarantine failed, then further actions will be justified. He was very clear in his speech; he said that the American forces were ready for al eventualities.At this point, Khrushchev realized that the US was ready to take any actions in order to get the missiles out of Cuba. Even though the quarantin e seemed extreme and put a lot of pressure on the Soviets, it was also a smart decision, he was trying to create minimum risk of a possible war. There were other responses that the CSS could've use in this situation, but this was the most flexible to take. They could've gone for an air strike or an invasion, but this choice left a room for the Soviets to reconsider and take off the Island all their offensive equipment.We can see that it was a very smart decision, a decision taken in a very diplomatic way. It gave both parties enough time to weigh their decisions before moving to the next step (Hansen, 2007). Khrushchev knew that the tensions between the two powers were at its high and any escalation could've led to a disastrous confrontation. Instead, Khrushchev agreed to the US demands to dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba under the supervision of the United Nations, and in return the US made an agreement to never invade Cuba.

Predicting School Violence essays

Predicting School Violence essays Are There Tests That Could Predict Violence in School Students? This is an overview of the types of constructs which one might look at to determine if a student is in a high risk category for acting out in a violent manner, and the types of tests which would measure those constructs. We will look at some of these predictors, the constructs they attempt to measure, and how this might aid in predicting future behavior. There have been a lot of studies, interventions, programs, and models designed to reduce or predict violence among our youth. The strongest predictor being past violent behavior. Most of these studies have been linked to some type of deficiencies in the home environment and school environment. The overwhelming question facing America now is - Why would a student who has almost anything he desires, living in an upper middle class neighborhood, bring a gun to school with the purpose of killing his classmates and teachers? The question for researchers is - Can we predict which students are likely to engage in this type of behavior? The resounding answer so far seems to be negative. There is not any test, inventory, or self-report scale which can tell us which students will act out in this manner. However, reviewing the literature there appears to be different types of measurement when looked at aggregately, might identify those students who would be at higher risk although they do not show a past history of violence and therefore fall outside of the previously researched areas. Some of the things we would hope to assess in identifying violence-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors among youths would be broken into three categories: - aggression, couple violence, education and school, employment, gangs, gender roles, television, handguns 2. Psychological and Cognitive Assessments - aggressive fantasies, role models, attributional bias, depression, psychological distress, fatalism, future aspirations...

Random vs. Systematic Error Definitions and Examples

Random vs. Systematic Error Definitions and Examples No matter how careful you are, there is always error in a measurement. Error is not a mistake- its part of the measuring process. In science, measurement error is called experimental error or observational error. There are two broad classes of observational errors: random error and systematic error. Random error varies unpredictably from one measurement to another, while systematic error has the same value or proportion for every measurement. Key Takeaways Random error causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It comes from unpredictable changes during an experiment.Systematic error always affects measurements the same amount or by the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. It is predictable.Random errors cannot be eliminated from an experiment, but most systematic errors can be reduced. Random Error Example and Causes If you take multiple measurements, the values cluster around the true value. Thus, random error primarily affects precision. Typically, random error affects the last significant digit of a measurement. The main reasons for random error are limitations of instruments, environmental factors, and slight variations in procedure. For example: When weighing yourself on a scale, you position yourself slightly differently each time.When taking a volume reading in a flask, you may read the value from a different angle each time.Measuring the mass of a sample on an analytical balance may produce different values as air currents affect the balance or as water enters and leaves the specimen.Measuring your height is affected by minor posture changes.Measuring wind velocity depends on the height and time at which a measurement is taken. Multiple readings must be taken and averaged because gusts and changes in direction affect the value.Readings must be estimated when they fall between marks on a scale or when the thickness of a measurement marking is taken into account. Because random error always occurs and cannot be predicted, its important to take multiple data points and average them to get a sense of the amount of variation and estimate the true value. Systematic Error Example and Causes Systematic error is predictable and either constant or else proportional to the measurement. Systematic errors primarily influence a measurements accuracy. Typical causes of systematic error include observational error, imperfect instrument calibration, and environmental interference. For example: Forgetting to tare or zero a balance produces mass measurements that are always off by the same amount. An error caused by not setting an instrument to zero prior to its use is called an offset error.Not reading the meniscus at eye level for a volume measurement will always result in an inaccurate reading. The value will be consistently low or high, depending on whether the reading is taken from above or below the mark.Measuring length with a metal ruler will give a different result at a cold temperature than at a hot temperature, due to thermal expansion of the material.An improperly calibrated thermometer may give accurate readings within a certain temperature range, but become inaccurate at higher or lower temperatures.Measured distance is different using a new cloth measuring tape versus an older, stretched one. Proportional errors of this type are called scale factor errors.Drift occurs when successive readings become consistently lower or higher over time. Electronic equipment tends to be susceptible to drift. Many other instruments are affected by (usually positive) drift, as the device warms up. Once its cause is identified, systematic error may be reduced to an extent. Systematic error can be minimized by routinely calibrating equipment, using controls in experiments, warming up instruments prior to taking readings, and comparing values against standards. While random errors can be minimized by increasing sample size and averaging data, its harder to compensate for systematic error. The best way to avoid systematic error is to be familiar with the limitations of instruments and experienced with their correct use. Key Takeaways: Random Error vs. Systematic Error The two main types of measurement error are random error and systematic error.Random error causes one measurement to differ slightly from the next. It comes from unpredictable changes during an experiment.Systematic error always affects measurements the same amount or by the same proportion, provided that a reading is taken the same way each time. It is predictable.Random errors cannot be eliminated from an experiment, but most systematic errors may be reduced. Sources Bland, J. Martin, and Douglas G. Altman (1996). Statistics Notes: Measurement Error. BMJ 313.7059: 744.Cochran, W. G. (1968). Errors of Measurement in Statistics. Technometrics. Taylor Francis, Ltd. on behalf of American Statistical Association and American Society for Quality. 10: 637–666. doi:10.2307/1267450Dodge, Y. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms. OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9.Taylor, J. R. (1999). An Introduction to Error Analysis: The Study of Uncertainties in Physical Measurements. University Science Books. p. 94. ISBN 0-935702-75-X.

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume

6 Ways to Handle Employment Gaps on Your Resume Have you had to bounce around a bit? Worried your recent job history will appear a bit erratic to potential employers? Though job hopping is becoming less and less stigmatized, and more and more employers and recruiters will be sensitive to the particular challenges of the marketplace and the current economy, there are still some situations wherein it’s best to downplay all your job activity. Here are 6  ways to minimize the damage of having employment gaps on your resume1. SummarizeIf you don’t already have a summary paragraph at the top of your resume, now’s the time to add one. Use it to define yourself, and then to guide the recruiter through the bullet points and information she’s about to take in. Use it to show how best to interpret your multiple recent job changes, and what narrative to take away from that. If you give a recruiter a greater narrative, that should stick with them. And, if you’re worried that recruiters might think youâ€⠄¢d be a flight risk? Emphasize in your summary that you are looking for a long-term position, or to be somewhere for the long haul. Get out in front of the story, as they say in the media.2. FocusOn three or four of your recent jobs and flesh them out in more detail than you normally would. Then make a more summarized section on previous employment, including multiple jobs within those dates, to minimize the feeling of having hopped around from job to job during that time.3. Find coherenceIf you can find a through-line to connect all of your hopping, then you’re golden. Perhaps these were all positions within the same field, or in hopes of rocketing up the ladder, or learning new skills. Or if you’ve hopped from industry to industry, emphasize instead the work you do, and how you’ve been trying to hone in on the perfect niche for it. Make your job hopping an asset by making it tell a story.4. Be honestIf you were laid off as the result of a merger or acquisitio n, or you were a contract worker, then some of your hopping was not at all your fault. It is totally okay to explain this on your resume. A quick parenthetical (formerly X Company) next to the company name will be a good start. Your summary paragraph will also help here.5. Fudge the monthsIf you can get away with taking out the months in your dates, and just leaving the years, then you can give the illusion of having worked at a place longer than you did. Using years only helps you to smooth over short-term gigs. You can also put the dates to the right of the job headings, rather than the left, to deemphasize them.6. Try a hybridIf all else fails, the hybrid resume might be for you. This is a new way of thinking about the resume, emphasizing your skills first, and your bulleted, chronological history second. Choose four to five responsibilities or skills or job facets that you’ve excelled in, across all of your jobs, and sell yourself as a primo candidate. By the time the hir ing manager gets to the second page with your list of actual job experience, she’ll already be convinced you can do the job.

Effect of Skill Gaps in the telecommunications Industry Essay

Effect of Skill Gaps in the telecommunications Industry - Essay Example The major structural change within the telecommunication industry is the globalization of the industry. Moreover, the telecommunication industry has been liberalized within the world economies. Nonetheless, the adoption and application of innovative technologies has been impacted largely by the changes in skill needs which are aimed at filling the skill gaps which emanate from the application of advanced technology within the industry. This essay gives a critical analysis and discussion of how the skill gaps and needs in additional to structural changes within the telecommunication industry have impacted on the labor needs within the industry. Skill gaps within the telecommunication industry have developed as a result of the changes in the industry operations and processes. Sumit (2008, p. 587) elaborates that these changes emanate from the application of modern technologies within the telecommunication industry which is aimed at adapting to the changing business environment and rema ining competitive. Diana (2011, p. 93) asserts that the skill gaps which develop within the telecommunications businesses have led to the reduced productivity. ... According to Keefe (2009, p. 43), the skill gaps within telecommunication industry have led to the increased need for training staff. The management and employees are trained on the application of advanced technology in the provision of telecommunication products and services to the customers. For example the use of telecommunication software applications which are adopted by the telecommunication companies leads to the increased need for training. Maria (2011) reveals that effective management of the telecommunication companies includes meeting the training needs of employees and the management so that the skill gaps and needs is met within the various functional areas. Skills are acquired through proper training of employees. Managers would also be trained in order to be able to apply the management information systems effectively in the management of telecommunication business processes. Diana (2011, p. 103) adds that managers are also trained in the use or application of the deci sion support systems in decision making on the various aspects of telecommunication business. Batt, Colvin & Keefe (2002, p. 587) point out that the skill gaps within the telecommunication companies have caused their management to adopt employee termination programs to pave way for the employment of skilled labor. This is usually the case when the anticipated costs of training are beyond the budgetary allocation for employee training. The loss of company employees has led to the reduced morale and motivation among the work force. Additionally, the ability of skilled employees to adapt to the changes within the labor force of an organization determines the achievement of objectives. Keefe (2009, p. 47) exemplifies that many telecommunication

Why did the united states adopt a policy of neutrality from 1914 to Essay

Why did the united states adopt a policy of neutrality from 1914 to 1917 - Essay Example US President Wilson publicly declared this neutrality policy, and most Americans welcomed it. In this essay, the main reasons behind America’s adoption of neutrality policy will be established. In addition, the effectiveness of this policy will be determined, basing on different events that occurred during the period 1914-1917. Since the late 19th Century, different countries in Europe had been forming unions and alliances, to enhance their preparedness for war. This saw the Independent German Kingdoms come together in the late 1870’s, and this became the most powerful in the continent. During that time, France highly invested in weapons, in anticipation of an attack from Germany, its long time enemy. The power status of German was a threat to most counties, including Russia, which had to take sides with France, Great Britain, and even German itself, to ensure its safety. The British effort to remain uninvolved in conflict was impossible, owing to its ownership of the most powerful navy in the world. Unrest in Europe was hastened by rebellious provinces of Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman leaders who aimed at expansion of their empire. However, Europe was resistant to war and tried to withhold this for a long time. During this period, the Central powers included Ottoman Turks, Germans, and A ustro-Hungarians, while their rivals, the entente powers included France, Great Britain, and Russia (U.S Department of State Web). The United States of America dissociated itself from these events, even though most of its citizens were generally inclined to England and the Entente powers. Most Americans did not want their county to participate in the war. America therefore distanced itself from these events, and hoped not to get involved in them. Most Americans, as well as their leaders, including the president and the congress then, adopted this perspective. The then president Woodrow Wilson introduced the â€Å"neutrality policy,† publicly citing that the USA

Antr1007wk3w15 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Antr1007wk3w15 - Essay Example They sought to pacify the â€Å"savages† by converting them to Christianity and many felt sincerely that this was what God wanted them to do. However they were not conscious of the negative effects this had on their culture. They acquired land from the Indians by negotiating treaties in exchange for services and products such as medical although many treaties were broken when the Europeans felt they had sufficient power to overcome any Indian resistance. When Canada became a country in 1867 this paternalistic attitude was continued by the federal government as it organized the remaining Indian population, decimated by war with the invaders and deadly European diseases, under the Indian Act. In keeping with the government’s paternalistic attitude, they micromanaged Indian life under the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs with no input from the aboriginals.(Hanson) This authority has ranged from overreaching political control such as imposing government structures on Indian communities in the form of land councils to control over the rights of Indians to practice their culture and traditions. The Indian Act has also enabled the government to determine the land base of these groups in the form of reserves and even define who qualifies as an Indian in the form of Indian status. Although reserve Indians do not have to pay federal taxes, they do not have the right to vote in federal elections. The original Indian Act was passed in 1876 as a consolidation of the Gradual Civilization Act and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act. The primary aim of this legislation was to do away with the tribal system and assimilate Indians with other inhabitants of Canada as the melt ing pot theory in the US until recently attempted to assimilate immigrants. The primary difference of course is that in Canada the Indians, although in the minority, were the original inhabitants and the Europeans the immigrants. In any

The Palestinian Land Ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Palestinian Land Ownership - Essay Example Kanafani, Ghassan the author of "Men In the Sun and Other Palestinian Stories" in his story the â€Å"The land of Sad Oranges" says† equates the experiences of the Palestinians to oranges that dry and finally shrivel up. During the upheaval, a civil war was happening in Palestine when Israel declared its independence in 1948 in an attempt to establish an independent Jewish state. The move was inevitable since huge numbers of Jewish immigrants had moved there. The United nation’s bid to partition the land among Palestinians and the Jews were rejected by the Palestinians and the Arabs and this is when the western world joined in to support the Palestinians. Many Palestinians were killed brutally and were forced out of their land leaving behind their homes including the trees, sea, sun and even the cloud. The narrator tells the young boy that, "you and I and others of our age were too young to understand what the story meant from the beginning to the end" (Kanafani 75). Ghassan Kanafani demonstrates to the reader the catastrophic event of the war on the refugees. The author uses the symbol to show how the Palestinians became outcast the life after as refugees. The narrator says "when my glance fell on your fathers face †¦I saw at the same moment the black revolver and beside it an orange" (Kanafani 80). The audience is made to see his father’s face, black revolver and a shrivelled orange all at once. This is Kanafani’s attempt to show the relationship between the politics in Palestine and the possible practical solutions of the problem. In 1948, the Palestinian leadership had tried to liberate the land but it proved hard since the Arab countries did not support them (Farsoun 32).

Correlational Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correlational - Research Paper Example able I choose from the study of our course while being able to make sound decisions at the workplace is the variable I choose as part of the workplace demands of a 20th century employee. I choose these two because both variables are interrelated. Having commitment in the workplace would allow one to have more ownership and a sense of responsibility towards his/her job which is a very important factor that will allow one to extract almost all possible solutions to a problem instead of jumping into the most convenient game plan that is available (Cognitive Demands of the Workplace, n.d.). On the other hand, a workplace that allows an employee to have a free hand in making decisions will increase the commitment an employee has of a company because he or she feels heard and treated as an asset that could do something beneficial to the business. Having seen the strong connection between both variables, applying the results of this survey in the workplace would definitely produce a generation of workers who would initiate breakthroughs instead of just going through the daily motions of delivering what is expected of them, would try hard to over deliver with or without a promise of an additional compensation, and lastly, would fight for any opportunity to close a deal like it was their own business even when most of the time a closed sale does not directly benefit an employee. Media, D. (n.d.). Factors Affecting Employee Performance | Chron.com. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-affecting-employee-performance-978.html Cognitive Demands of the Workplace (n.d.). LDAO. Retrieved February 6, 2013, from

The Palestinian Land Ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Palestinian Land Ownership - Essay Example Kanafani, Ghassan the author of "Men In the Sun and Other Palestinian Stories" in his story the â€Å"The land of Sad Oranges" says† equates the experiences of the Palestinians to oranges that dry and finally shrivel up. During the upheaval, a civil war was happening in Palestine when Israel declared its independence in 1948 in an attempt to establish an independent Jewish state. The move was inevitable since huge numbers of Jewish immigrants had moved there. The United nation’s bid to partition the land among Palestinians and the Jews were rejected by the Palestinians and the Arabs and this is when the western world joined in to support the Palestinians. Many Palestinians were killed brutally and were forced out of their land leaving behind their homes including the trees, sea, sun and even the cloud. The narrator tells the young boy that, "you and I and others of our age were too young to understand what the story meant from the beginning to the end" (Kanafani 75). Ghassan Kanafani demonstrates to the reader the catastrophic event of the war on the refugees. The author uses the symbol to show how the Palestinians became outcast the life after as refugees. The narrator says "when my glance fell on your fathers face †¦I saw at the same moment the black revolver and beside it an orange" (Kanafani 80). The audience is made to see his father’s face, black revolver and a shrivelled orange all at once. This is Kanafani’s attempt to show the relationship between the politics in Palestine and the possible practical solutions of the problem. In 1948, the Palestinian leadership had tried to liberate the land but it proved hard since the Arab countries did not support them (Farsoun 32).

IT and Strategic Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

IT and Strategic Systems - Essay Example It is imperative to note that when BPR takes place, various aspects including the vision and goals of the organization may be redesigned and redeveloped. Hence, the deep changes that are experienced at various organizations may be uncomfortable in some instances and pose a lot of threats to the company. Conversely, BPM is considered as being extremely flexible in nature as it mainly emphasizes on one or more processes at a specific time through automating them in order to ensure they become simpler (Tomkowicz, 2007). In essence, this process is not risky or costly to execute. The two processes are associated with various advantages as well as shortcomings, for instance, BPM greatly contributes to the satisfaction of the customers through immediately addressing it while the BPR is concerned with studying the processes in the organization from the beginning and eliminating the processes that may act as hurdles to the growth of the company. In the event that these processes become extremely slow and the desired outcomes cannot be achieved, BPR is employed to make the processes

Knowledge and the sources provided Essay Example for Free

Knowledge and the sources provided Essay Evacuation was both successful and unsuccessful. The Government did manage to secure its objectives of keeping children safe and keeping the war machine going without the threat of children being killed which was a successful aspect of evacuation. Although the conditions on the train were cramped and there was a lack of facilities, a vast amount of children were transported out of the cities quickly and efficiently. Most of the children who were evacuated also benefited from it although some did have bad experiences. However a major problem with evacuation was that a significant number of children either did not go or returned back to the danger-zones. Despite the government propaganda for instance the How and Why pamphlet, which contributed to the efficient way in which children were evacuated many parents refused to allow their children to leave. In Hope and Glory a mother agrees to evacuate her children but then becomes overcome with emotion and unable to part with her children. This was quite a common occurrence and some parents did not even consider evacuating their children due to preconceived ideas. Source E highlights this; the man being interviewed would not send his child away as he thought that they cant be looked after where theyre sending them. This man, like many other citizens had preconceptions of the countryside such as theyve nothing there; they were starving there before the war Many children who were evacuated returned home, some because they were unhappy and some because their parents did not see the need for them to remain there because of the phoney war in which no bombs were dropped on cities. This meant that they would be back in danger zones, which was not a success from the governments point of view. The actual transportation of the children was very well organised; the children were all registered in advance and were put onto the trains efficiently. Source A depicts evacuees walking to the station in London. This suggests that evacuation was well-ordered as all the children are walking in an orderly fashion; they are all smiling and a few are waving. This shows that the children were content in being evacuated. However one must take into account the fact that the source is a photograph hence it could have been staged. Source B contradicts this and suggests that evacuation was a nerve-racking experience for the children involved as they were too afraid to talk. The source also states that the children didnt know where they were going; this is a negative factor as it would cause angst amongst the children and suggests disorganisation. As well as simply the organisation and official objectives behind evacuation; there are other aspects which one must consider. Many children gained a lot of new experiences and there were many long-term benefits. Some long-term benefits include broadened horizons of the children, increased understanding between classes and a raised awareness of urban poverty. Many country dwellers did not know how city children lived and evacuation was an opportunity for them to find out. Source C, an extract from Carries War by Nina Bowden highlights a misconception about evacuees as the child in the novel says she thinks were poor children, too poor to afford slippers. However this source is not really a primary source, as although it is based on reality, it is a fictitious novel. A lot of evacuees had positive experiences such as enjoying healthier, safer surroundings than the cities as well as developing a life-long love of the countryside. On the other hand some children were just treated like servants by their foster families or made to feel very unwelcome. These children experienced some of the negative factors of country life. Many of the foster families had negative experiences such as bad-mannered children or children with poor personal hygiene. These experiences are both positive and negative; although they were unpleasant, they resulted in raised awareness of urban childrens welfare. This raised awareness of poverty resulted in the introduction of the Welfare State Shortly after W. W. II. Many foster families and evacuees enjoyed the experience of evacuation and treasured memories of it for many years. The evacuees were predominantly grateful, Source D, a government advertisement suggests that the foster families were doing a real service for the nation; this evokes patriotism and causes people to come together and help each other, which is another positive outcome of evacuation. This advertisement encouraged people to take in evacuees thus making the arrangements easier and more orderly, increasing the successfulness of evacuation. When looking at all the evidence available to us it is clear that although evacuation was not a great success as there were a great deal of setbacks, such as the children who did not go and children who returned home it was quite successful as the government did secure the objective of reducing civilian casualties. Many other benefits were as a result of evacuation and it was an enlightening experience for all those concerned. There were a few negative effects for certain individuals but as a whole, this nation benefited from evacuation.

Decision Making Process for University Choice

Decision Making Process for University Choice In this research student behaviour has played an important role in defining their selection about their university and needs. Before coming to Australia they have to think about the reputation of the university. Sometimes they get some information from internet, agents, and educational portals etc. The buying decision process is the decision-making process used by consumers regarding market transactions before, during, and after the purchase of a good or service. It can be seen as a particular form of a cost-benefit analysis in the presence of multiple alternatives. Need Recognition Problem Awareness: At this stage, the buyer recognizes a problem or need or responds to a marketing stimulus. It occurs when a consumer discovers an unmet need that must be fulfilled. Kotler and Keller (2011) highlight the importance of understanding consumer buying behaviour and the ways how the customers choose their products and services can be extremely important for manufacturers as well as service providers as this provides them with competitive advantage over its competitors in several aspects. For example, they may use the knowledge obtained through studying the consumer buying behaviour to set their strategies towards offering the right products and services to the right audience of customers reflecting their needs and wants effectively. Information search: The information search stage is the next step that the customers may take after they have recognized the problem or need in order to find out what they feel is the best solution. This is the buyers effort at searching the internal and external business environments to identify and observe sources of information related to the focal buying decision. The field of information has come a long way in the last forty years, and has enabled easier and faster information discovery. Consumers can rely on print, visual, and/or voice media for getting information. A customer can obtain from several sources: Personal sources: Family, Friends, Neighbours, etc. Commercial Sources: Advertising; Salespeople; Retailers; Dealers; Packing; Point-of-sale Display. Public sources: Newspapers, Radio, Television, Consumer Organisations. Experiential sources: Handling, Examining, Using the product. Evaluation of Alternatives: An important determinant of the extent of evaluation is whether the customer feels involved in the product. By involvement, we mean the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance that accompanies the choice. Where a purchase is highly involving, the customer is likely to carry out extensive evaluation. High-involvement purchases include those involving high expenditure or personal risk for example buying a house, a car or making investments. Low involvement purchases (e.g. buying a soft drink, choosing some breakfast cereals in the supermarket) have very simple evaluation processes. The answer lies in the kind of information that the marketing team needs to provide customers in different buying situations. In high-involvement decisions, the marketer needs to provide a good deal of information about the positive consequences of buying. The sales force may need to stress the important attributes of the product, the advantages compared with the competition; and maybe even encourage trial or sampling of the product in the hope of securing the sale. Purchase: This is the fourth stage, where the purchase takes place. According to Kotler, Keller, Koshy and Jha (2009), the final purchase decision can be disrupted by two factors: negative feedback from other customers and the level of motivation to comply or accept the feedback. For example, after going through the above three stages, a customer chooses to buy a Nikon DSLR camera. However, because his good friend, who is also a photographer, gives him negative feedback, he will then be bound to change his preference. Secondly, the decision may be disrupted due to unanticipated situations such as a sudden job loss or the closing of a retail store. Post-Purchase Evaluation-Cognitive Dissonance: The final stage is the post-purchase evaluation of the decision. It is common for customers to experience concerns after making a purchase decision. This arises from a concept that is known as cognitive dissonance. The customer, having bought a product, may feel that an alternative would have been preferable. In these circumstances that customer will not repurchase immediately, but is likely to switch brands next time. To manage the post-purchase stage, it is the job of the marketing team to persuade the potential customer that the product will satisfy his or her needs. Then after having made a purchase, the customer should be encouraged that he or she has made the right decision. To find information about our research, I have conducted two methods to collect information. Primary Data Secondary Data Primary Data: On 3rd February 2017, an instant survey was carried out among 15 English of Academic Purpose (EAP), three students were female and twelve students were male. The purpose of the survey was to discover the view of the students on a number of matters of personal concern. Secondary Data: To collect secondary data, I have relied on Internet, articles, and web sites. Secondary data basically supported our secondary data analysis. Since, our overall findings are totally resulted from our primary data, secondary data have hardly impact on it. The survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire given to the students to complete. There were four different types of category. The categories are- Needs, Information Search, Evaluation of alternatives/personal reasons, Post-Purchase Evaluation. Under these categories there were 39 questions. The first category covered Needs in these section students had showed their willingness to study in Australia. Maximum number of students have chosen Australia to obtain higher degree is very important, which is 13 students, and only 2 students choose it is important. The next question was gain international experience in their area of study; among 15 students 15 students said its vary important and important to get a degree from Australia which will help them to boost up their career. Around 60% students think that to gain residence ship and citizenship is very important and important. Rest of the 40% students believes that it is not important to get residence and citizenship. 15 students have come from different country to make their life style better because Australia standard of living is very high. Among these 15 students 11 students said it is very important to get better standard life style. On the other hand, maximum number of international students has come to earn sum of money. After completion of their main program, 100% students want to get better employment opportunity if they have to return their home country. Moreover, 12 out of 15 students said it is very important to develop English language skill in a foreign country. The next category is information search. In this section students have researched on universities before came to Australia from different source. Family and friends are the main source to get information about study in foreign country. Among 15 students most of the students said it is very important and important trustworthy source to get exact information about university and country selection process. Advertisements on the Internet and Education portal were the most popular information search; chosen by 9 and 8 students and they said it is important. Sometimes students relied on Agents and Education fairs to choose their universities and subjects to study in Australia. 6 and 8 out of 15 students said agents are very important and important to choose universities and subjects.   Around 50% of students think that Ex-students from IIBIT is important to get information about this university. On the other hand, 6 out of 15 students said that it is not important to get help from E x-students. On third category students have some personal reasons to choose this university. Initially, they were looking for the cost of program as well as scholarships. Approximately, 50% students said that it is very important to get scholarship and low cost for their program, and its important chosen by 50% students. This university gives opportunity to pay tuition fees in installment that is why student have chosen this university. To survive in Australia every student has to work in part-time job. Students think that if they study in IIBIT, they can pass the course easily and have part-time job opportunity. Sometimes the location of university is very important to study in Sydney. They can access to the central easily from anywhere in Sydney.   The quality of teacher and campus facility, such as library, classroom, canteen, and lab, is very important for a proper university. Maximum number of students said that these things are very important to get proper knowledge. On the forth category, EAP students have to analysis the post purchase evaluation. Cost of program is higher than expected, because when students came to IIBIT they did not get actual facilities from this university. Every semester, they have to pay huge amount of money to study in this university that is why they need flexibility to pay their tuition fees. 12 students out 15, to pay tuition fees are higher than expected and as expected. On the other hand, around 11 students said that as expected they can pass the course easily at IIBIT. After evaluation, number of 10 students said that the quality of teacher is higher than expected. Australia is one of the worlds most exciting countries. It has a good reputation in the world for its best quality education. The quality of Australia education is much better than that of other countries. Australia is one of the most popular destinations for international students among three English-speaking countries. USA and Canada is also better place to study. Students have to provide GMAT score to get admission in the best Universities is USA and Canada universities requirement is very higher than Australia. Many international students like to study in Australia for multicultural, good environment and exciting cities and so on. Australia considers its cultural diversity one of its greatest strengths. Australias standard of living is almost highest in the world. Living expenses is considerably lower in Australia. #Why students IIBIT with Fed-Uni and why not any other university? We have researched on four universities namely Federation University, Central Queensland University, Deaken University and University of Western Sydney. After analysing these universities, students have decided to study at Federation University, IIBIT Sydney. It has seven campuses. Students can chose any cosmopolitan cities. Fed-Uni offer their programs at IIBIT in Sydney and Adelaide. Federation University at IIBIT tuition fees is very low and affordable compared to other universities. The three-term semester in one-year option enables student to finish their degree earlier. IIBIT provides small class size and give individual attention to weak students. The various programs offered at IIBIT in partnership with the Federation University. One of the major decisions we have to do in life is deciding where we want to go for university. Not only will be attached to it for at least three years, but it could also change in our life altogether. While there are instances when we will need to transfer, it would be very costly to change universities, not to mention the tedious procedure that you will have to go through. We have three more important points to know in our life they are tuition fees, Price/scholarships and at last meeting requirements. Also, the English language requirement for entering university was easier at IIBIT as the entry requirement is IELTS 6.0 (overall band score) not 6.0 for each skill of Reading, Writing, Listening Speaking. This would save the students time and money to achieve a higher English level in the IELTS exam i.e. scores would have to be higher at 6.5; so many of the students undertake a direct entry package, that is, they undertake 10 weeks of student in an Academic English course. When questioned about the agent there were many students influenced by the information about scholarships offered by IIBIT through the agent. As IIBIT are offering Federation University the university price seemed very high; however, IIBIT agents offered scholarships which critically influenced the decision. Of 15 students 8 students took up the offer of scholarship. The largest scholarship was up to $9K and 10K for a Bachelor degree. Interestingly some students from the same countries did not know about the scholarship. Scholarships were also offered to Master degree students the savings were quite significant, and it was the most critical factor in deciding the choice of college and university. Also, in one case, the student accepted IIBIT then after submitting his paperwork he then was given an offer of a scholarship of significant value. Many students cited the fact that to gain a student visa that choosing a college with a university package was important, because, if the student applied only for a college they felt that they would not successfully receive a student visa; therefore, choosing a college with the university (as one campus not two different campuses and companies, there was less threat to be rejected for student visa. Another factor was the reputation of the institution and how the reputation affected gaining a student visa. One student cited the example of another college-university (Torrens University) as being new and not rating as a high level to guarantee a student visa, even it was cheaper, so the student chose a more secure choice of IIBIT. As marketing executive officers at IIBIT, we will provide many facilities to our prospective students who want to study at IIBIT. As we know that IIBIT is affiliated with Federation University, Australia. Students will get university equivalent certificate after completion of their Bachelor or Masters degree. If they study at IIBIT, they will pass the course easily. Even they can do part-time job regularly. On the other hand, studying at first level university, such as UTS, University of Sydney, Macquarie etc. They have to focus only on study to finish the degree. For example, few universities like CQ University, they do not teach students individually because most of the students come from different countries. Sometimes they do not understand the course framework. Another reason is that English proficiency, IELTS, PTE, is the main factor to get chance into university. Maximum numbers of university require IELTS 6.5 or 7 to get admission. Only few universities, such as IIBIT- Federat ion University, Australia, CQ University, CSU, require 6 in IELTS to get chance in Bachelor and Masters Program. Sometimes they offer English language course for lower IELTS or PTE score students. At IIBIT we have good quality of teacher who will teach you in small class size. As we can say that IIBIT is the only university will give you proper knowledge and guidance to get full-time job after completing on the main course.   Ã‚  

Relationships :: Definition Defining Relations Essays

Part 1:Relationships What is a relationship? And just what kind of relationship are you talking about? Relationship: (ri là ¡ shen ship ´) n. 1. The quantity or status of being related; connection. 2. Connection by blood, marriage..etc; kinship 3. A particular instance of being related. (As stated in the Third Collegiate Edition of Webster?s Dictionary) In most cases that definition does not clear anything but I put it there anyway that way you can have the real definition versus mine. The relationship I?m going to be talking about is the one that can exist between heterogeneous humans both male and female. I?m, not talking about a connection by blood but rather a connection by a commonality. A link between two people, so to speak. And how 2 people bond together to stride towards a common goal. That common goal achieving a friendship, girlfriend/boyfriend, husband/wife..etc. First off, just how is a relationship formed? Well I have come up with a set of stages explaining how two people co-exist together. There are 5 basic stages. The first stage of a relationship is basically acknowledging a person. Knowing that their a living, breathing mammal like yourself and they too have a purpose in this world. Now you acknowledge them pretty much by finding out basic information. This basic information being simple things like their name, gender, sharing a common place with them (school, work for example) and their description (red hair, blue eyes, tall, skinny..etc.). The second stage is beginning socialization but in a casual sense. Talking to that person only about things you 2 might share at a certain obstacle. Such as asking a person for the homework you missed (?Study buddy?) or what did you miss at the meeting for word last Friday. These brief conversations never exceed anything out of bounds. You would never ask your ?study buddy? what their plans are for the weekend or anything to that degree. Following these brief conversations you have, you start offering gestures. You may notice yourself saying ?hi? to that person when you see them, a possible handshake and saying ?bye.? In today?s society you might say the more common phrase ?what?s up (which basically means what?s new?, how are things?, what have you been upto..etc.) and you?ll get the most likely response of ?nothing much? and you?ll be on your merry way again. The 3rd stage is actually becoming friends with that person. This means being an active part in that person?s personal life. More socially. You start to learn their personal side. This means learning things about them that you wouldn?t normally know from

The Great Gatsby from Daisy’s Point of View

Daisy point of view In this chapter of The Great Gatsby, starts out with Tom and Nick on the train, their way to New York City. On their way Tom makes them get off of the train so that Nick can meet his â€Å"girl†. Tom takes them to a house in the â€Å"valley of ashes† which Is the poorest part of the city. They arrive at George Wilson house. George Is married to Tom's lover Myrtle. Myrtle then leaves the house to Join Tom and Nick on their trip to the city. After Myrtle buys a dog In the city, the group heads to Myrtle's sisters house.At her place they have a small party with a couple called the Emcee's. At this party Nick gets drunk for the second time In his life. Later that night Myrtle starts talking about daisy and when she won't stop Tom punches her In the face and breaks her nose. Immediately after the party stops and Nick finds himself on the 4 am train back to Long Island. Daisy Is The Great Gatsby most â€Å"mysterious†, and perhaps also the most dis appointing, character. She Is Just a selfish, low, and hurtful, woman. After marrying Tom, a rich man, she moves to East Egg, Long Island.Daisy is a woman who likes to â€Å"play† with men, she loves to overstress and improvise. Most men are fascinated by her and daisy enjoys it, being the center and get attention. At the same time Daisy wants to be liked and popular among all the men's around her. Daisy's point of view: Today, we had my cousin Nick come over for dinner. It had been quite some time since I last saw him. My friend Jordan and myself, were sprawling on the couch on a hot summer afternoon, and the same time he came. Nick's school years were over and had Just graduated from the university of Yale, and were looking or work.He had changed a lot, he was more of a young mature man. We couldn't bother to stand up and welcome him, so instead we talked, while still sprawling. I knew he came to live in the West Egg, I bet he will visit us quite often. Nick had this naive look on his face, which I couldn't be bothered to ask why, but made him look so lame like that. Yesterday, I had so much fun when Nick got embarrassed when I asked him that he was engaged and getting married soon. The way he denied it and got flushed, it was worth to be seen and remembered when I want a laugh on a miserable day.Ill always remember that. Anyway, today Tom and Nick went together to see a â€Å"friend†. I bet it's that â€Å"Myrtle woman† again. I don't know what he finds In her. I'm so furious when he has an affair with other women, when he has a wife Like me. How could he do such a thing like that? I don't see why he Is taking Nick either. What's It to Nick anyway? Is he going to Introduce Nick to her as well? Tom Is so vulgar to me. He doesn't treat me as I deserve at all. I wish he was always loyal to me, I just wish that we could adventure love. Http://disaggregating-chapters. Webby. Com/ – chapter 2 summery

Emerging Markets in International Business

[pic] Introduction: The buzz words in the international trade are India and China. They jointly account for 2. 4 billion people in the world i. e. about 40% of the world’s population, and an estimated future GDP growth of 8-10%. Modern economists believe that the future of international trade lies in the economies of emerging markets like India, China, Iraq, Brazil, Africa etc. Economist Thomas L Friedman has rightly said that there are three technological events that have contributed to the growth of these economies- The Personal Computer, through which individuals could become authors of their own content in digital form. The Internet – that provides the convenience of sending information to any part of the world. Lastly Software Manufacturing – which has made everyone’s computer interoperable. Convergence of these technologies have made economies which were once underscored as â€Å"Third World Economies† as the emerging hubs for International Business. However these economies are faced with new challenges when competing globally, such as lack of infrastructure, quality in education and corporate governance. The challenges that showcase their weakness can be an investment opportunity, thus making them viable markets worth venturing into. Objective: Our study focuses on the significance and impact of new markets in international trade on countries, companies and also on individuals. This study will also aim at understanding the trade problems faced by them in this area and to propose ways and measures to tackle them. Methodology: Our methodology comprises of information search, observations, questionnaires and opinion interviews with industrial experts and faculties. Various statistical measures will also be used to analyse the data. Outcome of the research: Through this study, we intend to bring out the different roles of emerging markets in international trade. These measures are taken via questionnaires; opinion of industrial experts, faculties specialized in international business and pre dominantly from few exporters who focus on international trade. We believe that the outcome of this study will help the corporate and individuals to prepare themselves to overcome the problems they are facing in the emerging battlegrounds of international trade. INTRODUCTION: The term â€Å"emerging markets† is used to describe a nation's social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The Center for Knowledge Societies defines Emerging Economies as those â€Å"regions of the world that are experiencing rapid informationalization under conditions of limited or partial industrialization. † Currently, there are approximately 28 emerging markets in the world, the largest being those of India and China. Examples of other emerging markets include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Russia, some Arab Gulf States and South Africa. The rapid integration into world markets by six of the largest non-OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) economies (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa, together known as the BRIICS) was an important component of globalisation during the past two decades. Economic incentives across world markets and in the BRIICS in particular, have been aligned more closely with countries’ and businesses’ genuine strengths. From the past few decades, all of the BRIICS have opened their economies significantly and improved their connectedness to world trade networks. The substantial reduction of trade barriers at the border can be seen, for example, in the decline of the average applied tariffs on non-agricultural products. However, the pace varied across these countries. Dispersion of tariffs also fell, contributing to a further reduction in economic distortion. However, in this study we focus on the emerging engines in the Asian Business – India and China, which together accounts for 2. 5 billion people, China and India are today the driving forces of growth in the midst of rapid economic transformation in the global economy. The Composite Leading Indicators (CLI) designed to provide early signals of turning points in business cycles, rose by 0. 4 point for India in April 2009, and 0. 9 for China. For much of human history, what China and India had in common was the fact that they were the richest nations on earth. Long before Europe emerged, China and India had higher standards of living and more numerous technical and scientific inventions. Yet starting in the early nineteenth century this began to dramatically change with both countries experiencing a long relative decline, eclipsed ultimately by Europe and North America. By mid twentieth century, both countries were relatively poor. The reversal of China’s fortunes began in 1978 when Deng Xiao Ping came to power and instituted market oriented economic policies and that of India began in the early 1990s when, in response to a financial crisis, the government reversed decades of socialistic policies and began a gradual path toward market orientation. Since those policy reversals, both countries have grown rapidly. For the first time since the early nineteenth century, they have expanded their share of global GDP. [pic] Figure 1: Global GDP share expressed as a percentage from 1600-2001 for the key players in global economy. Global investment firm, Moody’s say that driven by renewed growth in India and China, the world economy is beginning to recover from one of the worst economic downturns in decades. The Chinese GDP has risen by 7. 9 per cent while that of India has grown by 6. 1 per cent in the April-June 2009-10 periods. Moody’s has now revised India’s growth forecast to 6. 4 per cent for the current fiscal. FACTORS AFFECTING CHINA’S GROWTH: International trade makes up a sizeable portion of China's overall economy. The course of China's foreign trade has experienced considerable transformations since the early 1950s. In 1950 more than 70 percent of the total trade was with non-Communist countries, but by 1954, a year after the end of the Korean War, the situation was completely reversed, and trade with Communist countries stood at about 75 percent. POLITICAL REFORMS The Chinese Economy was on the forefront of economic greatness under the periods of Mao Zedong from 1949 – 1978 who introduced the â€Å"Great Leap Forward† under this economy, the country was a centrally planned economy. Though this idea of planned economy was inculcated in the economy, the intervention of state in agriculture led to massive corruption, ultimately leading to the deaths of millions of people due to starvation. Market Oriented Mixed Economy: This led to a period rule under Deng Xiaoping , who introduced the â€Å"market oriented mixed economy†-based on private property . Under this system China saw much growth in both national and international trade. Farmlands were privatized and agriculture was now a concern of both the state and the individual. A market economy is an economy based on the division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand. This is often contrasted with a planned economy, in which a central government determines the price of goods and services using a fixed price system. Market economies are also contrasted with mixed economy where the price system is not entirely free but under some government control or are heavily regulated and may sometimes be combined with state-led economic planning. SOCIAL REFORMS: Another area which is pivotal in the area of growth is the social and cultural condition which is important to enhance the growth. One Child Policy: This is a measure which was started in China to curb the population explosion in China. China’s one child family policy, which was first announced in 1979, has remained in place despite the extraordinary political and social changes that have occurred over the past two decades. It emerged from the belief that development would be compromised by rapid population growth and that the sheer size of China’s population together with its young age structure presented a unique challenge. Most population growth rate targets were abandoned in the early 1980s, and from 1985 the official goal was to keep the population at around 1. 2 billion by 2000. Protection for Private Property Rights: Prior to 1978, private ownership of property was not encouraged at any cost. However later the government started to proportionate and distribute private property. Harmonious Society: This is a socio-economic vision that is said to be the ultimate end result of Chinese leader Hu Jintao's signature ideology of the Scientific Development Concept. It serves as the ultimate goal for the ruling Communist Party of China along with Xiaokang society, which aims for a â€Å"basically well-off† middle-class oriented society. First proposed by the Chinese government under the Hu-Wen Administration during the 2005 National People's Congress, the idea changed China's focus from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. Grasping the Large and Letting the Small Go Policy: These reforms (1996) included efforts to corporatize state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and to downsize the state sector. The â€Å"grasping the large† component indicated that policy-makers should focus on maintaining state control over the largest state-owned enterprises (which tended to be controlled by the central government). â€Å"Letting the small go† meant that the central government should relinquish control over smaller state-owned enterprises. Relinquishing control over these enterprises took a variety of forms: giving local governments authority to restructure the firms, privatizing them, or shutting them down. ECONOMIC REFORMS: One of the main factors which contributed to the economic growth of China was the Economic liberalization which was started in 1978. Its economy changed into a market oriented mixed economy. They implemented several instruments to increase their economic growth. Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s): China was the first country to introduce SEZ’s and they followed a western style of management which resulted in survival of best in the market. It is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. The category ‘SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors. Special Economic Zones were founded by the central government under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s. The most successful Special Economic Zone in China, Shenzhen, has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years. Five Year Plans: The economy was shaped by the Chinese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of Chinese communism, mapping strategies for economic development, setting growth targets, and launching reforms. Planning is a key characteristic of centralized, communist economies, and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. China is in its 11th Five year plan guideline (2006-2010) Private Ownership: With production being introduced in the agricultural sector, private ownership of production assets became legal, although many major non-agricultural and industrial facilities were still state-owned and centrally planned. The government also encouraged non-agricultural activities, such as village enterprises in rural areas, promoted more self-management for state-owned enterprises, increased competition in the marketplace and facilitated direct contact between Chinese and foreign trading enterprises. The development of the private sector was allowed and was permitted to compete with state firms in a number of service sectors, and increasingly in infrastructure operations, such as construction. Foreign direct Investment: China has principal attractions like low-cost labor and an enormous domestic market of more than 1. 2 billion consumers. The investment climate has been opened up gradually. In the 1980s, foreigners were restricted to export-oriented joint ventures with Chinese firms. In the early 1990s, they were allowed to manufacture goods for sale in the domestic Chinese market; and by the mid-1990s; the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises was permitted. China's accession to the WTO forces the government to open up the services sector. In 2004, China being one of the fastest-growing economies in the world attracted actual FDI of more than US$60. 6 billion, up 13 per cent from the previous year. As of 2009, China has around US$ 80 billion alone-the highest FDI in the world. Chinese economic stimulus plan: The stimulus package announced by the central government of the People's Republic of China on 9 November 2008 was its biggest move to stop the global financial crisis from hitting the world's third largest economy. The State Council had approved a plan to invest 4 trillion Yuan in infrastructure and social welfare by the end of 2010. The stimulus package will be invested in key areas such as housing, rural infrastructure, transportation, health and education, environment, industry, disaster rebuilding, income-building, tax cuts and finance. Export Driven Economy: China’s export was US $0. 30 trillion higher than its imports. The country mainly drives the economy through its exports. It also had a healthy Foreign Exchange Reserve of US $ 2. 1 trillion and is the 3rd largest GDP with $4. 4 trillion. Government Owned Banks: One of the reasons that China was able to drive its economy through exports was because of the efficient controlling of the money supply by the banks, even in the midst of recession. China has not let its banking system run roughshod over its productive economy. Chinese banks work for the people rather than the reverse. China hasn’t allowed its banking sector to become so powerful, so influential, and so large that it can call the shots or highjack the bailout. In simple terms, the government preferred to answer to its people and put their interests first before any vested interest or group. And that is why Chinese banks are lending to the people and their businesses in record numbers. The Chinese stimulus was large compared to the U. S. and has been much more effectively channeled into employment than that in the U. S. Manufacturing as a low-cost producer: China is well known for its low cost products. The production rates of electronics and other goods are the lowest in China when compared to other countries, which is mainly because of the low cost of production by the manufacturer. The methods used in production such as poke-yoke (error free) have helped them to attain low costs in production. Another reason for low cost production is the cheap labor available in China. Infrastructure: The infrastructure facilities provided by government to the companies contributed immensely to their growth. The period since 1978 saw rapid industrialization from 53% in 1981 to 8% in 2001. FACTORS AFFECTING INDIA’S GROWTH POLITICAL REFORMS: India celebrated 60 years of Independence on August 15, 2007. It is now the second fastest growing major economy, after China. It has also caught media attention because companies like Tata Steel acquired Corus; India is now the second largest investor by number of projects in London; and Mr. L. N. Mittal – an Indian – owns the largest steel company in the world. Visionary Leaders: It all began in 1947, the year of Independence, where India’s first prime minister Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru chose Democracy which was modeled on Westminster. The Soviet Union however presented an economic model that appealed in terms of growth. The Planned Economy: Self – sufficiency and fear of economic dependence on foreigners after two centuries of overseas rule shaped early thinking at Independence. Nehru modeled the economy on Soviet socialist lines of central control and state-run heavy-industry firms dominating the economy to avoid reliance on the West. The License Raj: During the 1950-1990, in order to promote self sufficiency policies of high import tariffs and duties, controls on production through licenses, public sector monopolies and isolating India to the outside world were followed. The unintended results were a shackled economy. Poor economic growth resulted due to the economy stifled by licensing, socialist red tape, excessive bureaucracy and regulation (â€Å"the License Raj†). Many state run monopolies were run by bureaucrats with little commercial experience. Corruption was nurtured. Private industry was starved of badly needed funds that went to state-run firms, often loss makers. The result was the poor allocation of scarce resources to unproductive channels. Competition was curbed and consumers fared badly. Balance of Payments crisis in 1991: Crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the Rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalisation was slowly embraced. The reforms process continues today and is accepted by all political parties, but the speed is often held hostage by coalition politics and vested interests. SOCIAL REFORMS Agriculture: India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 16. % of the GDP in 2007, employed 60% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, it is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation known collectively as the Green Revolution, provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India. Removing Socio- Economic Barriers: The biggest challenge in the period of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) in 1991 was the removal of social and economic barriers, through a variety of measures which included family planning, economic welfare programmes, women empowerment initiatives, midday meal scheme, Rural Employment guarantee scheme, Compulsory Education, Union’s intervention in the State etc. Mixed Economy: India has adopted the concept of a mixed economy, in which both the private and public enterprises are given freedom to co-exist. Prior to 1991, the country was grappling itself with unwanted bureaucracy, which tried to hamper the growth in India leading widening gaps in the Indian culture. Population Conscious: A country with a billion marks in population has started to tread on a road in order to reduce the population. Families are encouraged to have 2-3 children, and the government is not too keen on an impenitent restriction in childbirth like China. Progressive Economy: India is a progressive economy, where emphasis is made on the people’s growth. All laws of the country are spearheaded to making India a better place for Indians to live in. Government controls have been reduced on foreign trade and investment; privatization of domestic output has proceeded slowly but steadily over the years. ECONOMIC REFORMS: India Inc s stupendous growth can be attributed to ‘ India Economic Reform ‘ earnest in July 1991. The balance of payments crisis opened the way for an International Monetary Fund (IMF) program that led to major ‘ India Economic Reform ‘. The foreign-exchange reserves recovered quickly and arrested the crisis related IMF and World Bank. Some of these factors which influenced the reforms were: Balance Of Payments Crisis: Balance of Payments crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the Rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalization was slowly embraced. Revenue Deficit: India’s biggest problem arose out of the fact that it had huge revenue deficits. From 1950- 1980, the budget was characterized by Revenue surplus and Capital account deficits. The governments voluntarily allowed Revenue deficits use. It was caused by excessive employment in the government sector, mounting subsides, growing interest burden, unequal pricing of goods and services by the private sector. They tackled the problem by downsizing the employees in the public sector. Fiscal deficit: The measures to reduce the fiscal measures were started in 1991 – 1992. They initially reduced the fertilizer and food subsides. Then in 1995 the government reduced public expenditure in social welfare. Deficit Financing: The concept of printing currencies was curbed in tackling problems of Fiscal financing, which was in fact crippling the economy by the means of unwanted money supply. RBI’s measures: The RBI managed to control the money supply in India by Bank rate, Cash reserve ratio, and by Open market operation. Tax Reforms: †¢ Expanding the tax base by including the service sector. †¢ Reducing the rates of direct taxes in India †¢ Abolishing Export subsides †¢ Lowering import duties †¢ Value Added tax †¢ Tax incentives for Infrastructure and Exports Special Economic Zones: is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. An SEZ is a trade capacity development tool, with the goal to promote rapid economic growth by using tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology. Today, there are approximately 3,000 SEZs operating in 120 countries, which account for over US$ 600 billion in exports and about 50 million jobs. By offering privileged terms, SEZs attract investment and foreign exchange, spur employment and boost the development of improved technologies and infrastructure. There are 13 functional SEZs and about 61 SEZs, which have been approved and are under the process of establishment in India. The SEZ policy was first introduced in India in April 2000, as a part of the Export-Import (â€Å"EXIM†) policy of India. Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realizing the need that level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally Divestment: The government also started the process of divesting which is a way by which the government reduces its interest in assts for financial objectives. It is mostly done so that the companies would divulge their interests in its core businesses. Chinese Experience: The reforms in India's foreign investment and external trade sectors followed the Chinese experience with external economic reforms. †¢ In the industrial sector, industrial licensing was cut, leaving only 18 industries subject to licensing. Industrial regulation was rationalized. †¢ Abolishing in 1992 the Controller of Capital Issues which decided the prices and number of shares that firms could issue. †¢ Introducing the SEBI Act of 1992 and the Security Laws (Amendment) which gave SEBI the legal authority to register and regulate all security market intermediaries. Starting in 1994 of the National Stock Exchange as a computer-based trading system which served as an instrument to leverage reforms of India's other stock exchanges. The NSE emerged as India's largest exchange by 1996. †¢ Reducing tariffs from an average of 85 percent to 25 percent, and rolling back quantitative controls. (The rupee was made convertible on trade account. ) †¢ Encouraging foreign direct investment by increasing the maximum limit on share of foreign capital in joint ventures from 40 to 51 percent with 100 percent foreign equity permitted in priority sectors. Streamlining procedures for FDI approvals, and in at least 35 industries, automatically approving projects within the limits for foreign participation. †¢ Opening up in 1992 of India's equity markets to investment by foreign institutional investors and permitting Indian firms to raise capital on international markets by issuing Global Depository Receipts (GDRs). †¢ Marginal tax rates were reduced. †¢ Privatization of large, inefficient and loss-inducing government corporations was initiated. FACTORS HAMPERING CHINA’S GROWTH: Low level of education The level of education is an area of concern, where the population is dominant of 30-40 age barrier which causes serious hampering in the economic growth. Language problem One of the main problems that the Chinese people facing is the language barrier. English language is not popular in china and the people in china are behind India in the language proficiency of English. So when they have trade between other countries, the medium of language becomes a problem for them. Poor living conditions One of China’s most serious problems is that over the past 50 years China’s leaders have constructed two China’s: a modern wealthy China and a backward rural poor China. This â€Å"house divided† is a major weakness in contemporary China and to unite this house into a major Asian power will take enormous effort and resources and may require decades to accomplish. Low level of institutional infrastructure and corporate governance: The government is primarily one where the government has maximum amount of control on almost any level of economy. So if greater autonomy is not given, the growth tends to be very slow. Necessity of skilled labor: Even though labor cost is perceived to be low, the skilled labor remains a serious question to be analyzed. The necessity skills are very much necessary in the sectors of manufacturing and industry. The country severely faces many problems with respect to skilled labor. FACTORS HAMPERING INDIA’S GROWTH: Poverty level: According to the a 2005 World Bank estimate, 42% (456 million Indians)of India's falls below the international poverty line of $1. 5 a day (PPP, in nominal terms Rs. 21. 6 a day in urban areas and Rs 14. 3 in rural areas); having reduced from 60% in 1980. According to the criterion used by the Planning Commission of India 24. 5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2006–2007, down from 51. 3% in 1977–1978, and 36% in 1993-1994 While poverty rates in India are high, they are not on a par with what neighboring Pakistan and Bangladesh ex perience. The main reasons for this are large population, and low literacy level. Lack of Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: †¢ Biotic – Biotic resources are those obtained from the biosphere. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. †¢ Abiotic – Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc. lack of hese resources makes a huge difference in the growth of India. So now India has to depend on renewable resources. On the basis of ownership, resources can be classified into: individual, community, national, and international Individual resources: Process Resources The following types of resources can execute an activity within a process. Tangible resource – Conventional resources like plants, equipments , IT infrastructure etc. Intangible resource – Increasingly important resource type including brands and patents and India is lacking these resources. Infrastructure A well-knit and coordinated system of transport plays an important role in the sustained economic growth of a country. India has a well-developed transport network comprising rail, road, coastal shipping, air transport etc. The commercialization of infrastructure is not progressing fast enough to provide decent living conditions to citizens at large. Lack of Capital Domestic demand in India is rising, but the country does not have the matching supply, making it essential for it to rely on foreign capital. India is in the early stages of a new economic cycle†¦ It offers a delectable mix of improving political backdrop, strong structural drivers of growth, and accelerating domestically-driven growth, Unlike China, India is a supply constraint and will have to continue relying on foreign capital†¦ Barring any dislocating effect of global events, foreign inflows should continue although at a slower pace. Political problems The main political problems t. hat India faces is the political instability in the country. The decisions which one political party has taken will be removed by the next government, which leads to instability in the process or activity which is on the way. And other problems are lack of visionary leader, who can lead the country to become a super power. CONCLUSION: Both the countries India and China will grow rapidly, taking a much larger share of global GDP. In both countries, the domestic market will become increasingly attractive to global companies. The division of labor between India and China will become blurred as both countries excel in services and manufacturing. Trade between India and China will expand, enabling companies in both countries to achieve critical mass. For global companies selling in these markets, this means more local competition. Both countries will create new world-class companies that will be competitive with companies based in the West. For some Western companies, this will create new challenges. Both countries, while remaining relatively poor, will experience rapid growth of the middle class, creating vast new opportunities for Western companies to sell in those markets. If the above challenges can be tackled in the perspective of both India and China’s growth, then surely we see both the country’s contribution in the world economy as significantly large. We firmly believe that India and China will become world super powers by 2025, but the question is who is first and who is second†¦ ———————– NITTE Meenakshi Institute of Technology ALBERT JACOB and JAISON JAMES KRISTU JAYANTI COLLEGE, BANGALORE [email  protected] com Emerging Markets in International Trade THEME International Business & the World Economy – Issues and Innovations